tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59366030597063923992023-11-16T15:18:07.496+09:00英語で読む「TED Talks」Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger49125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-9619243697838644702021-03-10T20:03:00.004+09:002021-03-10T20:03:45.128+09:00【TED-Ed】国立公園の歴史<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/elyse_cox_who_owns_the_wilderness?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">「荒野」は誰のもの?</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Who owns the wilderness?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%BE%8E%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92-%E7%B5%B6%E6%99%AF%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%82%92%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%82%80%E6%97%85-%E6%97%A5%E7%B5%8CBP%E3%83%A0%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF-%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF/dp/4863132891?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&qid=1615362281&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f540f2bba1f6d0ade7e72133810725bc&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4863132891&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4863132891" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>1903年 アメリカ大統領は カリフォルニア州にある<b>ヨセミテ渓谷</b>で 3日間のキャンプをしました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 1903, the President of the United States took a three-day camping trip in California’s <b>Yosemite Valley</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>セオドア・ルーズベルト大統領</b>は セコイアの木立の中で寝泊まりし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>President Theodore Roosevelt</b> slept in a grove of towering Sequoia trees, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>吹雪</b>の中でキャンプをし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">camped in <b>a snowstorm</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>付き添い兼ガイドの <b>自然保護活動家</b>のジョン・ミューアと 焚き火を囲んで何時間も語り合いました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and spent hours talking around the campfire with his host and guide, <b>conservationist </b>John Muir. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ルーズベルトは<b>アウトドア</b>の愛好家としても 知られていましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Roosevelt famously loved <b>the outdoors</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ミューアは<b>キャンプ</b>をするためだけではなく それ以上の目的で彼を招待しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but Muir had invited him there for more than just <b>camping</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨセミテは<b>危険</b>に さらされていたのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Yosemite was in <b>danger</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97-%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E3%82%92%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E8%BB%8A%E6%97%85%E3%81%AE%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9-GESTALTEN/dp/4766132432?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%86&qid=1615362586&s=books&sr=1-15&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=80eb40a1c0d596f5867b4e2086bf479f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4766132432&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4766132432" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>1864年にヨセミテは <b>保護区</b>になりましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Though Yosemite became <b>protected land</b> in 1864, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1903年にはまだ<b>乱開発</b>の危険に さらされていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the valley was still at risk for <b>overdevelopment </b>in 1903. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨセミテは <b>大地の保全</b>と<b>公共利用</b>の 両方の目的を満たそうとする― 数十年にわたる取り組みの 真っ最中にあったのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It was at the heart of a decades-old struggle to set aside land for both <b>preservation </b>and <b>public use</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし この2つの目標は <b>言うは易し 行うは難し</b>でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">two goals that were <b>much easier said than done</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/COYOTE-No-56-Yosemite-for-Beginners/dp/4884184017?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%86&qid=1615362586&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=87b294d0c3a220359c193eaf895b9f73&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4884184017&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4884184017" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨセミテをめぐる戦いは <b>1849年の ゴールドラッシュ</b>から始まりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The battle over Yosemite began with<b> the 1849 gold rush</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>鉱山労働者が西へ 金を求めて <b>エラネバダの山麓</b>に押し寄せた頃です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">when miners surged west, seeking gold in <b>the Sierra Nevada foothills</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1851年 州公認の民兵が <b>アーワーニーチー族</b>を ヨセミテ渓谷から追い出しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 1851, a state-sanctioned militia, drove <b>the Ahwahneechee tribe</b> from Yosemite Valley. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>なんとか戻ってきた人々は <b>白人入植者</b>が土地の所有権を主張し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Those who managed to return witnessed <b>white settlers</b> claiming the land, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>巨大なセコイア</b>を伐採し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">felling <b>giant sequoias</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ホテル</b>や<b>サロン</b>を 建設しているのを目撃しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and building <b>hotels </b>and <b>saloons</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/NATIONAL-GEOGRAPHIC-%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF-2012%E5%B9%B4/dp/B00A7BI4GY?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2&qid=1615362935&s=books&sr=1-11&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7d33eff08f2959b32adf99021c64a1f4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00A7BI4GY&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00A7BI4GY" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>これを受けて </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In response, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>カリフォルニア州民の小さなグループは <b>民間の利益</b>から渓谷を保護するために ジョン・コンネス上院議員に働きかけました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a small group of concerned Californians lobbied senator John Conness to protect the valley from <b>private interests</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1864年 議会は<b>コンネスの法案</b>を可決し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 1864, Congress passed <b>Conness’ bill</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨセミテ渓谷の所有権を<b> カリフォルニア州</b>に認め </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">granting the Yosemite Valley to <b>the State of California</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アメリカ政府が初めて土地を<b> 公的保護下</b>に置くことになったのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">marking the first time the U.S. government brought land <b>under</b> <b>public protection</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし この土地の管理は <b>未解決</b>のままであり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But the management of that land remained <b>an open question</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>同様の保護下</b>にある土地が増えれば 増えるほど複雑になっていきました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">one that would only become more complicated as more lands came <b>under similar protection</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%AE%E8%81%96%E8%80%85-%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E3%81%AE%E7%88%B6%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2-%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E5%89%87%E8%8A%B3/dp/4635047423?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%86&qid=1615362586&s=books&sr=1-16&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=70d483b604ea1f9def3014d20378a4a8&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4635047423&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4635047423" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>7年後 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Seven years later, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地質学者の ファーディナンド・ヘイデンは <b>イエローストーン高原</b>に向かう 探検隊を指揮しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">geologist Ferdinand Hayden led an expedition to <b>the Yellowstone Plateau</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ここは多くの<b>ネイティブアメリカン部族</b>が 儀式 狩猟 交易に使用していた場所でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which many <b>Native American tribes</b> used for ceremonies, hunting, and trade. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この探検隊の科学者や芸術家たちは <b>間欠泉</b>や<b>温泉</b>の話を持ち帰り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The expedition’s scientists and artists brought back news of <b>spectacular geysers</b> and<b> hot springs</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>イエローストーンを<b>政府の保護下</b>に置き 先住民のアクセスを制限しようとする 幅広い層の支持を集めました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">inspiring widespread support to bring Yellowstone<b> under government protection</b>— and restrict native people’s access to the land. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかしヨセミテとは異なり イエローストーンは<b>州</b>に与えられませんでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone couldn’t be granted to <b>a state</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>まだ州になっていない<b>米国の 3つの準州</b>の一部だったからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it was part of<b> three U.S. territories</b> that hadn’t become states yet. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その代わりに 連邦議会は1872年に イエローストーンを<b>連邦管理下</b>に置き </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Instead, Congress brought Yellowstone <b>under federal stewardship</b> in 1872, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>世界初の真の<b>国立公園</b>に指定しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">creating the world’s first true <b>National Park</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3-%E9%98%AA%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B8%E6%88%90/dp/490917401X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3&qid=1615372520&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6e9ca2696f78a2de5fd5670c214b044e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=490917401X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=490917401X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>ルーズベルト大統領は在任中 公的保護下にある<b>土地の拡大</b>に 尽力しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental in <b>expanding the lands</b> under public protection. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1916年までには 15の<b>国立公園</b>が指定されました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By 1916, there were fifteen <b>national parks</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし 管理の問題は<b>未解決</b>のままで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But the problem of management remained <b>unsolved</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>公園の維持管理は<b>複数の行政部門</b>が絡み 手当たり次第になされていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and maintenance of the park was handled haphazardly over <b>multiple government departments</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>道路の敷設や人材の採用などの <b>簡単な作業</b>でも </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Straightforward tasks</b> like building roads and hiring personnel </span></p><p><br /></p><p>非効率的で<b>官僚的な根回し</b>が必要でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">required inefficient <b>bureaucratic maneuvering</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どの部門も公園内での <b>行動ルール</b>を定めていなかったので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">None of the departments had set <b>rules for conduct</b> in the park, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ハンターが公園内の<b>野生動物</b>を殺したり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">so hunters killed park <b>wildlife</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>牛</b>が過放牧されたり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>cattle</b> overgrazed fields, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>観光客が<b>名所</b>を 破壊したりしていました</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and visitors vandalized <b>landmarks</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F-%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%81%A8%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E-%E5%AF%BA%E5%B4%8E-%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90/dp/4766427238?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3&qid=1615372520&s=books&sr=1-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=329b910078b36fc7fba174b3a0e78664&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4766427238&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4766427238" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>解決法は<b>カナダ</b>から得ました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The solution came from <b>Canada</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは非常に効果的な<b>集中型の 公園管理システム</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which had a highly effective <b>centralized park service</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1916年 アメリカはこのモデルに基づいて <b>アメリカ合衆国国立公園局</b>を開局しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 1916, the United States established <b>the National Park Service</b> based on this model. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在に至るまで 国立公園局の<b>使命</b>は 時に相反する2つの目標から 成り立っています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To this day, <b>the mission</b> for the park service is comprised of two goals that sometimes conflict: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>将来のため 公園を<b>保全</b>すること </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to <b>conserve </b>the parks for the future </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして <b>一般の人々</b>が公園を 楽しめるようにすることです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and to allow<b> the public</b> to enjoy them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは<b>微妙なバランス</b>で成り立っています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s <b>a delicate balancing</b> act: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>道路や小道などのインフラにより 公園を訪問者が<b>利用しやすく</b>なりますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">roads, trails, and other infrastructure make the parks <b>accessible </b>to visitors, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>景観</b>が変化してしまったり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but also alter <b>the landscape</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>訪問者</b>が汚染や破壊させてしまったり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while <b>visitors </b>themselves can contribute to pollution, erosion, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>繊細な生態系</b>の損傷を 引き起こす可能性もあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and damage of<b> delicate ecosystems</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>保全の歴史</b>そのものが この使命と対立することもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The very <b>history of preservation</b> can also be at odds with this mission. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの公園は <b>設立</b>当時 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Many parks were not, at the time of their <b>founding</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>保全の基準となっている <b>無人の原生地域</b>ではありませんでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the <b>uninhabited wilderness</b> that’s become the standard for their preservation. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その代わり 多くは<b>先住民</b>の家や礼拝の場があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Instead, many were homes or places of worship for <b>native peoples</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>公共利用の名の下に</b> これらの土地を失ったのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">who lost access to these lands <b>in the name of public use</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ごく最近になってようやく国立公園局は この遺産に目を向け <b>アメリカ先住民</b>を 公園管理に参加させるようになりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Only recently has the National Park Service begun to reckon with this legacy and engage<b> Native Americans</b> in park management. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>世界中で <b>先住民のコミュニティ</b>が 土地の管理と保全において 重要な役割を果たしています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Around the world, <b>indigenous communities</b> play crucial roles in land management and preservation. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB-%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92-%E7%B5%B6%E6%99%AF%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%97%85-%E7%A7%81%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D-%E7%89%A7%E9%87%8E%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E/dp/4863110847?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&qid=1615362281&sr=8-17&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=99480b4b1d75a2ce0d1ebf467c5caea4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4863110847&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4863110847" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在 世界には <b>数千もの</b>国立公園がありますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Today, there are <b>thousands of </b>national parks worldwide, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それぞれにおいて <b>歴史</b>や<b>生態の保全</b>との バランスをとった公共利用が必要です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and each must balance public use with <b>historical</b> and <b>ecological preservation</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ニュージーランド アイスランド オーストラリア 南アフリカの公園は 観光客の急増に伴い <b>深刻な破壊</b>が起きています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Parks in New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, and South Africa have experienced <b>severe erosion</b> as visitor numbers have skyrocketed. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>タイの<b>ムーコスリン国立公園</b>のように </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some, like <b>Mu Ko Similan National Park</b> in Thailand, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>生態系</b>を回復させるために観光客から 完全に閉鎖している公園もあります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">have closed sections to tourists entirely to allow<b> the ecosystem </b>to recover. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/TRANSIT-%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-49%E5%8F%B7-%E7%BE%8E%E3%81%97%E3%81%8D%E6%B6%88%E3%81%88%E3%82%86%E3%81%8F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%97%85-Mook/dp/4065209862?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&qid=1615362281&sr=8-30&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f3a7f9d1c7d6216548bd11405af99348&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4065209862&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4065209862" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>国立公園は <b>かけがえのない景観</b>を 未来の世代に残しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">National Parks have preserved<b> irreplaceable landscapes</b> for future generations. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>国立公園はまた 私たちに<b>難しい質問</b>を考えさせます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They also force us to reckon with<b> hard questions</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この地球と人間同士に対し 私たちは どのような<b>責任</b>を負っているのでしょうか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">what are our <b>responsibilities </b>to this planet, and to each other? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BB%8A%E3%80%81%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%B6%E6%99%AF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B81000-%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88/dp/4023339768?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&qid=1615374167&sr=8-54&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f36540f500879df017beea0b08d93440&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4023339768&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4023339768" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-53206684151317544412021-03-10T11:52:00.002+09:002021-03-10T11:52:09.367+09:00【TED-Ed】パニック障害とは?<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/cindy_j_aaronson_what_causes_panic_attacks_and_how_can_you_prevent_them?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from:TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">パニック発作の原因と予防</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What causes panic attacks and</span></b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">How can you prevent them?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B-%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%80%81%E3%80%8C%E7%84%A6%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%EF%BC%81%E3%80%8D%E3%81%8C%E5%8A%B9%E3%81%8F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%80%82-%E6%AB%BB%E6%97%A5%E5%92%8C%E9%AE%8E%E5%AE%9F-ebook/dp/B07F3RTCL2?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3&qid=1615341697&sr=8-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUExOUdXUlNBRU0zVVk5JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNzc0NjYwSDVYV09CMTRWNFA4JmVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QTJEMFVRTzcyUzJQSTUmd2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9hdGYmYWN0aW9uPWNsaWNrUmVkaXJlY3QmZG9Ob3RMb2dDbGljaz10cnVl&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=310a25e99f90fd70f6a932ac8570a7d0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07F3RTCL2&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07F3RTCL2" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>「身体が<b>コルセット</b>になったようだ」</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The body becomes its own <b>corset</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>「過去 現在 未来が<b> 単一の力</b>として存在するかのようだ」</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Past, present, and future exist as <b>a single force</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「<b>重力のないブランコ</b>で 恐ろしく高く舞い上がるかのようだ」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>A swing without gravity</b> soars to a terrifying height. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「人や物の<b>輪郭</b>が ぼんやりしている」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The <b>outlines </b>of people and things dissolve. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの詩人や作家が <b>パニック発作</b>の経験を 言葉で表そうと試みてきました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Countless poets and writers have tried to put words to the experience of <b>a panic attack</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>心臓発作や脳卒中 あるいは<b>命を脅かす他の危機</b>だと 多くの人が勘違いするほど ものすごく圧倒されるような感覚です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a sensation so overwhelming, many people mistake it for a heart attack, stroke, or other <b>life-threatening crisis</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作は <b>長期的な害</b>を 身体に与えることはありませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Though panic attacks don’t cause<b> long-term physical harm</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>後になって <b>次の発作への不安</b>が 日常生活を制限し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">afterwards, <b>the fear of another attack</b> can limit someone’s daily life— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>さらなるパニック発作</b>を 引き起こす可能性があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and cause <b>more panic attacks</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%93%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AABOOKS-%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%97%87%E3%83%BB%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%97%87%E3%83%BBPTSD-%E8%B2%9D%E8%B0%B7-%E4%B9%85%E5%AE%A3/dp/4074328348?pd_rd_w=EDCai&pf_rd_p=74bf0868-811d-47aa-a302-9d8c643f8862&pf_rd_r=GFA80JK81T2WQZC3T61Z&pd_rd_r=4f955599-4b63-4876-92ef-a74a9a91775c&pd_rd_wg=a7dZT&pd_rd_i=4074328348&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=38b4ec539fe2ee174e7d63b5bcb759a3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4074328348&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4074328348" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>研究によれば およそ<b>3人に1人</b>が 人生で少なくとも一度は パニック発作を経験するそうです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Studies suggest that almost <b>a third of us </b>will experience at least one panic attack in our lives. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そしてそれが<b>初めて</b>であろうが <b>100回目</b>であろうが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And whether it’s your <b>first</b>, your <b>hundredth</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>誰かがパニック発作を経験するのを <b>目撃</b>していようが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or you’re <b>witnessing </b>someone else go through one, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もう一度経験したいと思う人は 誰もいません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">no one wants to repeat the experience. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作について学ぶことは <b>不快</b>かもしれませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even learning about them can be <b>uncomfortable</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>必要なこと</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but it’s <b>necessary</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>なぜならパニック発作を理解することが <b>予防への第一歩</b>となるからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">because <b>the first step to</b> <b>preventing </b>panic attacks is understanding them. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6-%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3-%E6%AD%A3%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A2-%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E5%9D%AA%E4%BA%95/dp/4471408240?pd_rd_w=7cb1E&pf_rd_p=021fa992-5050-4990-a948-59d02d1d2a57&pf_rd_r=C7NG9X3VZFDVYZCXAY3G&pd_rd_r=ec4fb3d1-04d6-4c7d-9dda-f4d886dabaac&pd_rd_wg=4Wpwv&pd_rd_i=4471408240&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=49faef929535386206c31d86a91b8c34&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4471408240&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4471408240" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>基本的に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">At its core, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作は 危険を察知した際に起きる 身体の正常な生理反応に対する <b>過剰反応</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a panic attack is <b>an overreaction</b> to the body’s normal physiological response to the perception of danger. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この反応は <b>扁桃体</b>という 不安を処理する脳の領域から 始まります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This response starts with <b>the amygdala</b>, </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the brain region involved in processing fear.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>扁桃体が<b>危険</b>を察知すると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When the amygdala perceives <b>danger</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>交感神経</b>が刺激され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it stimulates<b> the sympathetic nervous system</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>アドレナリン</b>が放出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which triggers the release of <b>adrenaline</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アドレナリンによって <b>心拍数</b>と<b>呼吸数</b>が上がり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Adrenaline prompts an increase in <b>the heart </b>and <b>breathing rate</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>手足の筋肉に <b>血液</b>と<b>酸素</b>が送られます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to get <b>blood </b></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>oxygen </b>to the muscles of the arms and legs.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>脳</b>にも酸素が送り込まれ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This also sends oxygen to <b>the brain</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>さらに<b>警戒心</b>が高まり 過敏になります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making it more <b>alert </b>and responsive. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%96%B0%E8%A3%85%E7%89%88-%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E3%81%A7%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%B8-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E7%99%96%E3%82%92%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%99-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BBM%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84-ebook/dp/B071WL899V?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615342562&sr=8-26&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2258f7daa8ff18269c6ec2488e699854&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B071WL899V&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B071WL899V" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>パニック発作</b>の間は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">During <b>a panic attack</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>危険な状況においては 役立つであろうこの反応が <b>大きくなりすぎて</b>しまい </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">this response is <b>exaggerated </b>well past what would be useful in a dangerous situation, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>動悸</b>や<b>息苦しさ</b> <b>過呼吸</b>を引き起こします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">causing<b> a racing heart</b>, <b>heavy breathing</b>, or <b>hyperventilation</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>血流の変化によって <b>頭がふらふら</b>したり 手足が<b>痺れ</b>たりします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The changes to blood flow cause <b>lightheadedness </b>and <b>numbness </b>in the hands and feet. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%81%A8%E9%81%8E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8-%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%AC%E8%88%8E%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8-%E7%A3%AF%E9%83%A8-%E6%BD%AE/dp/4344982665?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%81%8E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&qid=1615342811&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d7305ba38541863c089be8c938adb943&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4344982665&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4344982665" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>パニック発作は 通常 <b>10分以内</b>にピークに達します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A panic attack usually peaks <b>within 10 minutes</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それから<b>前頭前野</b>が 扁桃体から引き継いで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Then, <b>the prefrontal cortex</b> takes over from the amygdala and </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>副交感神経</b>を刺激します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">stimulates <b>the parasympathetic nervous system</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これによって<b>アセチルコリン</b>という ホルモンが分泌され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This triggers the release of a hormone called <b>acetylcholine </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>心拍数</b>が下がり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that decreases <b>the heart rate</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>徐々に<b>パニック発作</b>が弱まります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and gradually winds down <b>the panic attack</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%81%A7%E6%82%A9%E3%82%80%E3%81%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AB%E4%BC%9D%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8410%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8-%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%AD%E3%81%95%E3%82%93-ebook/dp/B08XJYPR76?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615342562&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2de6c1b9112e287ffe0605c4367c3e6b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08XJYPR76&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08XJYPR76" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作では </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In a panic attack, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>身体が危険を察知すると<b> 本物の脅威</b>に対する反応が引き起こされ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the body’s perception of danger is enough to trigger the response we would have to </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">a real threat</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その後 何度か起きます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and then some. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>なぜパニック発作が起きるのかは はっきりとは分かりませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We don't know for sure why this happens, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>時として <b>過去のトラウマ体験</b>が 思い出されるような状況が 引き金となって 起きることがあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but sometimes cues in the environment that remind us of <b>traumatic past experience</b> can trigger a panic attack. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作は PTSD、社会不安障害 強迫性障害、全般性不安障害などの <b>不安障害</b>の一部である可能性があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Panic attacks can be part of anxiety disorders like PTSD, social anxiety disorder, OCD, and generalized <b>anxiety disorder</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作が繰り返し起きたり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Recurring panic attacks, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>次の発作</b>に対して常に心配したり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">frequent worry about <b>new attacks</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作を避けるための 行動変化が見られる場合<b> パニック障害</b>と診断される 可能性があります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and behavioral changes to avoid panic attacks can lead to a diagnosis of <b>a panic disorder</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8B%E3%81%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B8-%E7%B7%8A%E5%BC%B5%E3%80%81%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E3%80%81%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%A7%E6%96%AD%E3%81%A1%E5%88%87%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88-ebook/dp/B07B6H48TF?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615342562&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=954fe71b46d7861f5b192f3c3724a6b3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07B6H48TF&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07B6H48TF" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック障害の<b>治療法</b>は 主に2つあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The two main <b>treatments </b>for panic disorder </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">are</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>抗うつ薬による治療</b>と <b>認知行動療法</b>(CBT)です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>antidepressant medication</b> and <b>cognitive behavioral therapy</b>, or CBT. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どちらも<b>有効率</b>は約40%で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Both have about a 40% <b>response rate</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方で効果が現れた人でも もう一方では効果がないかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">though someone who responds to one may not respond to the other. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし 抗うつ薬の投与においては いくつか<b>副作用</b>があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, antidepressant medications carry some <b>side effects</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして 服用を止めると 50%の人が<b>再発</b>します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and 50% of people <b>relapse </b>when they stop taking them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方 CBTはもう少し<b>持続性</b>があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">CBT, meanwhile, is more <b>lasting</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>再発率</b>は20%にすぎません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">with only a 20% <b>relapse rate</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95-%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E8%A3%95/dp/4262155676?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615342562&sr=8-13&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d047ba489df159445a4e7b491c4e8517&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4262155676&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4262155676" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック障害の治療としての <b>認知行動療法</b>の目標は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The goal of <b>CBT treatment</b> for panic disorder is </span></p><p><br /></p><p>パニック発作にまつわる<b>感覚</b>や<b>思考</b>を 身体的ひいては精神的にコントロールする 具体的な手段を学び実践してもらうよう 手助けすることです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to help people learn and practice concrete tools to exert physical, and in turn mental, control over the <b>sensations </b>and <b>thoughts </b>associated with a panic attack. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>CBTでは パニック発作の <b>生理学的な原因</b>の説明から始まり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">CBT begins with an explanation of <b>the physiological causes</b> of a panic attack,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>続いて 呼吸と筋肉のエクササイズを行い </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">followed by breath and muscle <b>exercises </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>意識的に<b> 呼吸パターン</b>を コントロールできるようにします</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">designed to help people consciously control <b>breathing patterns</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%88%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5-%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8C%E5%A4%89%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E3%81%AE%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B3%95-%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3/dp/4761272953?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E3%81%AE%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B3%95&qid=1615343763&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=50a0de1db161a9cce407fbeaad18c6c4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4761272953&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4761272953" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>次に<b> 認知再構成法</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Next comes <b>cognitive restructuring</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>発作中によく見られる<b>思考</b>を 認識し 変化させます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which involves identifying and changing<b> the thoughts</b> that are common during attacks— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>呼吸が停止する</b>とか<b> 心臓発作</b>だとか 死んでしまうといった思い込みを </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">such as believing you’ll <b>stop breathing</b>, have <b>a heart attack</b>, or die— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>より正確な思考</b>と置き換えるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and replacing them with <b>more accurate thoughts</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F-%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%85%B1%E3%81%AB%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B-%E5%B0%8F%E8%B0%B7%E9%87%8E-%E6%A0%84%E4%B8%80/dp/4267021783?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615342562&sr=8-39&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=17e94e1c77b192829b98fb4e4434c5d0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4267021783&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4267021783" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>治療の<b>次の段階</b>では </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The next stage </b>of treatment is </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一般的にパニック発作を引き起こす <b>身体感覚</b>や<b>状況</b>に曝していきます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">exposure to<b> the bodily sensations</b> and <b>situations</b> that typically trigger a panic attack.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>このような感覚や状況は危険だ という<b>信念</b>を 経験を通して 変えていくことが目的です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The goal is to change<b> the belief</b>, through experience, that these sensations and situations are dangerous. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4866510501?psc=1&pd_rd_i=4866510501p13NParams&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUE3TjY3SzMzQlEwQUMmZW5jcnlwdGVkSWQ9QTAzODcwNzUzVUw0MlJGTUVRMFRVJmVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QTExOFJGVE5JUTRBVjcmd2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9kZXRhaWwmYWN0aW9uPWNsaWNrUmVkaXJlY3QmZG9Ob3RMb2dDbGljaz10cnVl&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=1ae6914454d3bca11a6b4a6e750bf0ca&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4866510501&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4866510501" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>CBTを受けた後でさえも </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even after CBT, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>発作中に<b>手段</b>を講じるのは容易ではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">taking these <b>steps </b>isn’t easy in the grip of an attack. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし練習を積めば 発作を<b>予防</b>したり 徐々に<b>鎮められる</b>ようになり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But with practice, these tools can both <b>prevent </b>and <b>de-escalate</b> attacks, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最終的には 発作が人生に及ぼす<b>影響</b>を 軽減できます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and ultimately reduce <b>the hold</b> of panic on a person’s life. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88-%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A%E3%81%AB%E4%B9%97%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1-%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%88%E5%A4%AB%E3%80%81%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%81%AF%E6%B2%BB%E3%82%8B%E3%82%88-%E6%9D%BE%E6%9C%AC%E6%A1%82%E6%A8%B9/dp/4872905806?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C&qid=1615344452&sr=8-65&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3185711d194afb7e6767e7390a1ab039&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4872905806&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4872905806" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>正式な治療</b>以外でも </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Outside<b> formal therapy</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの<b>患者</b>が救いを見出すのは CBTが植え付けようとする信念と同じです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">many <b>panickers </b>find relief from the same beliefs CBT aims to instill: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>不安があなたを<b>傷つける</b>ことはないが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that fear can’t <b>hurt </b>you, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>抱え込むと発作が<b>悪化する</b>という信念です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but holding on to it will <b>escalate </b>panic. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>パニック発作</b>を全く経験したことがなくても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even if you’ve never had <b>a panic attack</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>理解しておけば 自分や他人の パニック発作を<b>見分ける</b>のに役立つでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">understanding them will help you <b>identify </b>one in yourself or someone else— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そしてパニック発作を認識することが <b>予防への第一歩</b>となるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and recognizing them is<b> the first step in</b> <b>preventing </b>them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4866510684?psc=1&pd_rd_i=4866510684p13NParams&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUFLN1FSMlNRUkswTE8mZW5jcnlwdGVkSWQ9QTA4MzE0NjczRkVXWE4xMEZITUsmZW5jcnlwdGVkQWRJZD1BUTM2TlFVNU1HV0lFJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfZGV0YWlsJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=dbdbd47ca899c15f8741a2e18ea4472a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4866510684&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4866510684" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-80521623482336457862021-03-08T20:40:00.001+09:002021-03-08T20:40:04.692+09:00【TED-Ed】メソポタミアのシュメール人<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/soraya_field_fiorio_the_rise_and_fall_of_history_s_first_empire?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from:TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b>歴史上最初の帝国の興亡</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The rise and fall of history's first empire</span></b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC-%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E-%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%8F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2-%E5%89%8D%E5%B7%9D-%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%9F/dp/4309761801?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=50c9a9cbe9e341545ea1b8c9ef3836e2&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4309761801&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4309761801" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>歴史上<b>最初の帝国</b>は 暑く乾いた大地に現れました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">History’s<b> first empire</b> rose out of a hot, dry landscape, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>作物を育む<b>雨</b>も </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">without </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">rainfall </b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to nourish crops, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>建物を作る<b>木</b>や<b>石</b>もありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">without<b> trees</b> or <b>stones </b>for building. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それでも住人達は 堂々たる建築と 大きな人口を持つ <b>世界最初の都市</b>を </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In spite of all this, its inhabitants built<b> the world’s first cities</b>, with monumental architecture and large populations— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>泥</b>だけから作り上げたのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and they built them entirely out of <b>mud</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90-%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E6%9D%89-%E5%8B%87/dp/4480097007?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=5a5908334e08a53adf34d0a8399e187f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4480097007&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4480097007" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>シュメール</b>は 現在のイラク南部の <b>メソポタミア</b>と呼ばれる 地域にありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Sumer </b>occupied the southern part of modern Iraq in the region called <b>Mesopotamia</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>メソポタミアは 「<b>2つの川の間</b>」の意味し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mesopotamia means “<b>between two rivers</b>”— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>チグリス川</b>と<b>ユーフラテス川</b>に 挟まれた場所です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the Tigris</b> and the <b>Euphrates</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>紀元前5千年頃 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Around 5000 BCE, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>初期のシュメール人は <b>灌漑水路</b>や ダムや <b>貯水池</b>により 川の水を引き入れて </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">early Sumerians used <b>irrigation channels</b>, dams, and <b>reservoirs</b> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to redirect river water</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>広大な<b>干からびた土地</b>を農地に変えました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and farm large areas of previously <b>bone-dry land</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このような<b>農業集落</b>は 世界各地で徐々に現れつつありましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Agricultural communities</b> like this were slowly springing up around the world. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>次の段階に踏み出したのは <b>シュメール人</b>が最初でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But <b>Sumerians </b>were the first to take the next step. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>川の泥から作った<b>レンガ</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Using <b>clay bricks</b> made from river mud, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>階が複数ある住居や <b>神殿</b>を作り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they began to build multi-storied homes and <b>temples</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「<b>車輪</b>」を発明し ろくろとして使って </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They invented </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">the wheel</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">— a potter’s wheel, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>泥から<b>家庭用品</b>や道具を作りました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">for turning mud into <b>household goods</b> and tools. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E2%80%95%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%9C%80%E5%8F%A4%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AC%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8-%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%99%BB%E5%BF%97%E5%AD%90-ebook/dp/B00LMB0KVK?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e8609b4890cdfb262d033f5a6b2cb7db&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00LMB0KVK&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00LMB0KVK" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>このレンガにより <b>世界最初の都市</b>が おそらくは 紀元前4千5百年頃に生まれました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Those clay bricks gave rise to <b>the world’s first cities</b>, probably around 4500 BCE. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>都市の社会の頂点には <b>神官</b>や<b>巫女</b>がいて 高貴な存在とされ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">At the top of the city’s social ladder were <b>priests </b>and <b>priestesses</b>, who were considered nobility, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その下に商人や 職人 農夫 <b>奴隷</b>が続いていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">then merchants, craftspeople, farmers, and<b> enslaved people</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>シュメールの帝国は それぞれが国のような<b> 都市国家群</b>から構成され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Sumerian empire consisted of distinct <b>city-states</b> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that operated like small nations.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>言語</b>と<b>信仰</b>によって ゆるく結び付いていましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They were loosely linked by <b>language </b>and <b>spiritual belief</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>中央的支配</b>というのは ありませんでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but lacked <b>centralized control</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最も早く現れたのが <b>ウルク</b>と <b>ウル</b>と <b>エリドゥ</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The earliest cities were <b>Uruk</b>, <b>Ur</b>, and <b>Eridu</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>やがて都市の数は 10ほどになりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and eventually there were a dozen cities. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それぞれ<b>神官</b>と<b>統治者</b>の 中間のような役割の王を擁していて </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Each had a king who served a role somewhere between <b>a priest </b>and a <b>ruler</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>新たな領地</b>を求めて 戦い合うこともありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sometimes they fought against each other to conquer <b>new territories</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それぞれの都市には その創建者とされる<b>守護神</b>がいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Each city was dedicated to<b> a patron deity</b>, </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">considered the city’s founder.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>都市の中で最も大きく重要な建物が その<b>守護神の家</b>である— </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The largest and most important building in the city was this <b>patron god’s home</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ジッグラト</b>と呼ばれる 階段ピラミッド型の神殿でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the ziggurat</b>, a temple designed as a stepped pyramid. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E9%9D%A2%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E3%81%BB%E3%81%A9%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%97%E3%81%AB%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E7%A5%9E%E3%80%85%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E-%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E3%81%8C%E5%A5%BD%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8-ebook/dp/B087JKRHS8?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-14&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=43489901ce11a758a6442106ffedaa30&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B087JKRHS8&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B087JKRHS8" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>紀元前3200年頃に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Around 3200 BCE, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>シュメール人は<b>領域</b>を拡大し始めました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sumerians began to expand<b> their reach</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ろくろの車輪は <b>馬車</b>に新たな場所を得ました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The potter’s wheel found a new home on <b>chariots and wagons</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アシやナツメヤシの葉から 作られた<b>舟</b>が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They built <b>boats </b>out of reeds and date palm leaves, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>リネンの帆</b>を広げ 川や海を 遠くまで人々を運びました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">with<b> linen sails</b> that carried them vast distances by river and sea. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>乏しい<b>資源</b>を補うため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To supplement scarce <b>resources</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>エジプト アナトリア エチオピアといった 新興の王国との間に<b>交易網</b>を作り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they built<b> a trade network </b>with the rising kingdoms in Egypt, Anatolia, and Ethiopia,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>金や 銀 ラピスラズリ スギ材などを 輸入しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> importing gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and cedar wood. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/History-Begins-Sumer-Thirty-Nine-1988-04-01/dp/B01181WRD2?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=Sumer&qid=1615200138&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=bfb0242fc642fb2613b73be2a56f166d&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01181WRD2&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01181WRD2" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>交易は世界初の<b>文字</b>の発明の 思わぬきっかけになりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Trade was the unlikely impetus for the invention of the world’s first <b>writing system</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>シュメールの商人が よその商人と交易する際の <b>記帳の手段</b>としてはじまり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It started as<b> a system of accounting</b> for Sumerian merchants conducting business with traders abroad. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>数百年のうちに </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">After a few hundred years, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その<b>楔形文字</b>と呼ばれるものは 絵文字から文字へと発展しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the early pictogram system called <b>cuneiform </b>turned into a script. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%82%92%E3%82%88%E3%82%80-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3/dp/4634640589?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&qid=1615202496&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b978ba75b1b74549ceb4f262017327f6&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4634640589&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4634640589" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>シュメール人は <b>明文化された最初の法律</b>を作り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Sumerians drafted up <b>the first written laws</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>さらには最初の<b>学校システム</b>を作って </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and created the first <b>school system</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>書くという技術</b>を教え </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">designed to teach <b>the craft of writing</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また そこまで嬉しくない<b> 官僚制</b>や<b>税</b>も生み出しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and pioneered some less exciting innovations, like <b>bureaucracy </b>and <b>taxes</b>. </span></p><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><p>学校では<b>書記</b>が 朝から晩まで 子供時代から大人になるまで 学んでいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In the schools, <b>scribes </b>studying from dawn to dusk, from childhood well into adulthood. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼らは<b>会計</b>や<b>算術</b>を学び </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They learned <b>accounting</b>, <b>mathematics</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>文学的作品</b>を粘土板に筆写しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and copied<b> works of literature</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>賛歌 神話 ことわざ 動物寓話 呪文 <b>世界最初の叙事詩</b>— </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">hymns, myths, proverbs, animal fables, magic spells, and <b>the first epics</b> on clay tablets. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そういう粘土板の中には <b>ギルガメシュの話</b>もあり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some of those tablets told <b>the story of Gilgamesh</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ウルクの王ながら <b>神話</b>にも登場します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a king of the city of Uruk who was also the subject of <b>mythical tales</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%8F%99%E4%BA%8B%E8%A9%A9-%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E7%9F%A2%E5%B3%B6%E6%96%87%E5%A4%AB-ebook/dp/B07F11K4LB?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a4cec7b4fc6887e071b01ac7cb6cea50&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07F11K4LB&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07F11K4LB" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>紀元前<b>3千年</b>頃には </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But by <b>the third millennium</b> BCE, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>シュメールはもはやメソポタミア周辺で 唯一の<b>帝国</b>ではなくなりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sumer was no longer the only <b>empire </b>around, or even in Mesopotamia. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>遊牧民族</b>が北や東から この地に流れ込んで来ました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Waves of <b>nomadic tribes</b> poured into the region from the north and east. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>中には シュメール人に敬意を払って その<b>生活様式</b>を取り入れ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some newcomers looked up to the Sumerians, adopting their <b>way of life</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>自分達の言葉を書き表すのに <b>楔形文字</b>を使う人々もいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and using <b>the cuneiform script </b>to express their own languages. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>紀元前2300年に <b>アッカド王サルゴン</b>が シュメールの都市国家群を征服しましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 2300 BCE, <b>the Akkadian king Sargon</b> conquered the Sumerian city-states. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>サルゴン王は<b> シュメールの文化</b>を尊重し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But Sargon respected <b>Sumerian culture</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アッカド人とシュメール人は 何世紀も<b>共存</b>しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and Akkadians and Sumerians <b>existed side-by-side</b> for centuries. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E9%A3%AF%EF%BD%9E%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%8F%99%E4%BA%8B%E8%A9%A9%E3%81%A8%E6%9C%80%E5%8F%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%94-%E9%81%A0%E8%97%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%8F%B8-ebook/dp/B08R713PLH?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%89&qid=1615203153&sr=8-27&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8ba3227f5d5cea2b553ac130f58430da&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08R713PLH&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08R713PLH" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>一方で略奪と破壊しかしない <b>侵略者</b>もいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Other <b>invading groups</b> focused only on looting and destruction. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>シュメール文化</b>は広がりましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even as <b>Sumerian culture</b> spread, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>絶えざる侵略</b>にさらされたシュメールは 紀元前1750年には消滅しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>a steady onslaught of invasions</b> killed off the Sumerian people by 1750 BCE. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2-%E4%B8%8A-%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-William-J-Bernstein/dp/4480099360?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-39&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8badea4758d560a886fb705ac90bee19&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4480099360&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4480099360" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>その後 シュメールは <b>砂漠の塵</b>に戻り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Afterward, Sumer disappeared back into <b>the desert dirt</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>19世紀</b>になるまで 知られずにいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">not to be rediscovered until <b>the 19th century</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかしシュメール文化は <b>何千年も</b>生き続けました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But Sumerian culture lived on <b>for thousands of years</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>はじめは<b>アッカド人</b>を通し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">first through<b> the Akkadians</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それから <b>アッシリア人</b>や<b>バビロニア人</b>を通して— </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">then <b>the Assyrians</b>, then <b>the Babylonians</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>バビロニア人により <b>シュメールの発明や伝統</b>は ヘブライや ギリシアや ローマの文化に伝えられ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Babylonians passed <b>Sumerian inventions and traditions</b> through along Hebrew, Greek, and Roman cultures. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>今日</b>まで生き続けています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some persist <b>today</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%89-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E5%B2%A9%E6%98%8E%E5%9D%87-ebook/dp/B009KYCHCG?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615198823&sr=8-23&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6daa32180ce00ec1a04ed9ce8094c81f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B009KYCHCG&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B009KYCHCG" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-64710762028680136692021-03-08T08:35:00.003+09:002021-03-08T08:35:50.824+09:00【TED-Ed】ブラックホールを利用するために<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/fabio_pacucci_could_we_harness_the_power_of_a_black_hole?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p>もしもブラックホールのエネルギーが利用できたら?</p><p>Could we harness the power of a black hole?</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E-%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E-%E7%AC%AC6%E5%B7%BB-%E5%B0%8F%E5%B6%8C-%E5%BA%B7%E5%8F%B2/dp/4535603456?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615157180&s=books&sr=1-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=4e781f0052c42f45843f0dbb63c82f36&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4535603456&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4535603456" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>遠い未来</b>を想像してみてください </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Imagine <b>a distant future</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人類が<b>淡い青い色をした地球</b>を離れ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">when humans reach beyond our <b>pale blue dot</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何千光年も先にある惑星に<b>都市</b>をつくり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">forge <b>cities </b>on planets thousands of light-years away, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>貿易と輸送の<b>銀河網</b>が整備されています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and maintain <b>a galactic web</b> of trade and transport. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのような<b>文明</b>に飛躍するためには 何をしたらよいのでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What would it take for our <b>civilization </b>to make that leap? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>考えること</b>はたくさんあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are many things to <b>consider</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>コミュニケーション</b>をどうとるのでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">how would we <b>communicate</b>? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>銀河政府</b>は どんなものになるでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What might <b>a galactic government</b> look like? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして その中でも最も<b>重要</b>なものとして </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And one of the most <b>fundamental </b>of all: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その文明を動かすのに<b>十分なエネルギー</b>は どこで得るのでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where would we get <b>enough energy</b> to power that civilization— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そこでの産業 <b>惑星改革事業</b> そして <b>宇宙船</b>のためのエネルギー源のことです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">its industry, its <b>terraforming operations</b>, and its <b>starships</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4315523275?psc=1&pd_rd_i=4315523275p13NParams&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUExTEZSSzFEV0NLMDhPJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwMjc4OTM4M1BPMjVHUUJEUjhMTCZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUFMSFRBQ0QyRDNLWU0md2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9kZXRhaWwyJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cf682e40d1918f8a99ecf0bc34808d10&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4315523275&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4315523275" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>ニコライ・カルダシェフ</b>という天文学者が 文明の進化に伴い増加する<b>エネルギー需要量</b>を 測る物差しについて提案しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">An astronomer named <b>Nikolai Kardashev</b> proposed a scale to quantify an evolving civilization’s increasing <b>energy needs</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>私たちがいる現在のような <b>初期の進化過程</b>において </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In <b>the first evolutionary stage</b>, which we’re currently in, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>化石燃料 太陽光パネル 原子力発電所の様に <b>惑星を拠点とした燃料源</b>は おそらく太陽系内の他の惑星で 定住するのには十分ですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>planet-based fuel sources</b> like fossil fuels, solar panels and nuclear power plants are probably enough to settle other planets inside our own solar system, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その域を越えるには<b>不十分</b>でしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but <b>not much</b> beyond that. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>第3段階かつ<b>最終段階</b>にある文明にとって </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For a civilization on the third and <b>final stage</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>銀河規模の拡張には 太陽が毎秒放出する 385ヨタジュール(10の24乗J)の 約<b>1000億倍</b>の エネルギーが必要になります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">expansion on a galactic scale would require about <b>100 billion times</b> more energy than the full 385 yotta joules our sun releases every second. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>斬新な物理学によって <b>突破口</b>が開かない限り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Barring a <b>breakthrough </b>in exotic physics, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>需要を満たし得る<b>エネルギー源</b>は 1つしかありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">there’s only one <b>energy source</b> that could suffice: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>超大質量</b>ブラックホールです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a <b>supermassive </b>black hole. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E8%AC%8E-%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AE%E7%A9%B4%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%E8%BF%AB%E3%82%8B-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E6%9C%AC%E9%96%93%E5%B8%8C%E6%A8%B9-ebook/dp/B06ZXXPT4B?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615157180&s=books&sr=1-9&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=0ce9f3884fd48397d798708b7538912f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B06ZXXPT4B&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B06ZXXPT4B" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ブラックホールをエネルギー源と考えるのは <b>直観と相いれない</b>ですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s <b>counterintuitive </b>to think of black holes as energy sources, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>降着円盤</b>のおかげで ブラックホールは まさにエネルギー源となるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but that’s exactly what they are, thanks to their <b>accretion disks</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>膠着円盤とは<b>事象の地平面</b>に落下した 物質により形成された<b>円形で平らな構造物</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>circular, flat structures</b> formed by matter falling into<b> the event horizon</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB-%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%A8%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E3%82%92%E6%8E%A2%E3%82%8B-%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A%E6%97%A5%E7%B5%8C%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9241-%E6%97%A5%E7%B5%8C%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8/dp/4532512417?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1615157180&s=books&sr=1-12&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2b120968f983abdb88ef12ff9b4ea73d&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4532512417&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4532512417" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>角運動量</b>が保存されるため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Because of conservation of<b> angular momentum</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そこにある<b>粒子</b>はブラックホールに まっすぐ落ちていくわけではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>particles </b>there don’t just plummet straight into the black hole. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>むしろ ゆっくりと<b>渦巻き状に</b> 吸いこまれていきます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Instead, they slowly <b>spiral</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ブラックホールの<b>強烈な重力場</b>のため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Due to <b>the intense gravitational field</b> of the black hole, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの粒子は 事象の地平線に近づくにつれ 粒子の<b>位置エネルギー</b>を <b>運動エネルギー</b>へと変えていきます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">these particles convert their <b>potential energy</b> to <b>kinetic energy</b> as they inch closer to the event horizon. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>粒子の相互作用により この運動エネルギーは 宇宙空間に放射されます この時の <b>物質からエネルギーへの変換効率</b>は 驚くべき値になります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Particle interactions allow for this kinetic energy to be radiated out into space at an astonishing <b>matter-to-energy efficiency</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>回転していない</b>ブラックホールは6% </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">6% for <b>non-rotating</b> black holes, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>回転しているもの</b>は最大32%にもなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and up to 32% for <b>rotating ones</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>核分裂</b>を大幅に凌ぎます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This drastically outshines <b>nuclear fission</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>核分裂は <b>質量</b>から エネルギー取り出す仕組みにおいて 現在のところ 最も効率的で 広く利用されている方法です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">currently the most efficient widely available mechanism to extract energy from <b>mass</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>核分裂は<b>ウラン原子</b>のわずか0.08%を エネルギーに変えます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Fission converts just 0.08% of <b>a Uranium atom</b> into energy. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BA%E3%81%A8%E6%A0%B8%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91%E2%80%95%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%82%84%E3%81%99%E3%81%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E-%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC/dp/4890137270?pd_rd_w=mC06U&pf_rd_p=3bdb6fc1-e9d8-4377-8da6-91d54a27dbc3&pf_rd_r=64JD2J3GZT77TS68T3F5&pd_rd_r=b051fc52-4b74-49cd-a1e7-b6662fb11549&pd_rd_wg=3j2sD&pd_rd_i=4890137270&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8d133d204a4f2b3396a469a45ebb075a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4890137270&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4890137270" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>この反応を利用する<b>手掛かり</b>は おそらく ― 物理学者フリーマン・ダイソンが考案した <b>ダイソン球</b>という構造体にあるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The key</b> to harnessing this power may lie in a structure devised by physicist Freeman Dyson, known as <b>the Dyson sphere</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1960年代に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In the 1960s, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ダイソンは高度な惑星文明は 主星の周りに<b>人工的な球体</b>を設計し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Dyson proposed that an advanced planetary civilization could engineer </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">an artificial sphere</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> around their main star, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>主星が発する<b>全放射エネルギー</b>を捉え エネルギー需要を満たすことが できるだろうと提言しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">capturing all of its <b>radiated energy</b> to satisfy their needs. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>似ているけれど ずっと複雑な設計が <b>理論的には</b>ブラックホールに適用できます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A similar, though vastly more complicated design could <b>theoretically </b>be applied to black holes. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>エネルギー生産のために </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In order to produce energy, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ブラックホールは 継続的に物質を<b>吸い込む</b>必要があるので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">black holes need to be continuously <b>fed</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>球体</b>で完全に覆うのは 好ましくないでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">so we wouldn’t want to fully cover it with <b>a sphere</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>仮にそうしても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even if we did, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの超大質量ブラックホールの 両極から発射される<b>プラズマジェット</b>は </p><p><b style="color: #2b00fe;">the plasma jets</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> that shoot from the poles of many supermassive black holes </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どんな構造物も吹き飛ばして <b>粉々に</b>してしまうでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">would blow any structure in their way to <b>smithereens</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Dyson-Sphere-Program-Guide-Tricks/dp/B08XXVJV3V?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=Dyson+sphere&qid=1615158628&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6fd9781e4ef66d6cba054701ef2c745a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08XXVJV3V&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08XXVJV3V" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>その代わり <b>ダイソンリング</b>のようなものを 設計する方法もあるかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So instead, we might design a sort of <b>Dyson ring</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは遠隔操作による 巨大な<b>捕集器</b>でできています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">made of massive, remotely controlled <b>collectors</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それらはブラックホールを回る <b>周回軌道</b> ― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They’d swarm in <b>an orbit</b> around a black hole, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>おそらくは<b> 降着円盤</b>のある平面上の ずっと遠い場所に近づくことでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">perhaps on the plane of its <b>accretion disk</b>, but farther out. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この装置は発電所に 回収したエネルギーを送るために<b> 鏡のようなパネル</b>を使用したり 貯蔵用のバッテリーを 使用したりできるでしよう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These devices could use <b>mirror-like panel</b>s to transmit the collected energy to a powerplant, or a battery for storage. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この捕集器を ブラックホールから <b>ちょうど良い距離</b>に構築する必要があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We’d need to ensure that these collectors are built at just <b>the right radius</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>近すぎると<b>放射エネルギー</b>で 溶かされてしまいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">too close and they’d melt from<b> the radiated energy</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>遠すぎると 利用可能なエネルギーの <b>ごく一部</b>しか回収できず </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Too far, and they’d only collect <b>a tiny fraction</b> of the available energy </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ブラックホールを周回している恒星の <b>影響を受ける</b>可能性があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and might be <b>disrupted </b>by stars orbiting the black hole. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>完全なシステムを構築するためには 赤鉄鉱のような<b>高反射性物質</b> 地球数個分に加え </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We would likely need several Earths worth of <b>highly reflective material </b>like hematite to construct the full system— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一群の<b>建設ロボット</b>を作るために 惑星を数個解体する必要があるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">plus a few more dismantled planets to make a legion of <b>construction robots</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ダイソンのリングが作られれば <b>技術的な最高傑作</b>となり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Once built, the Dyson ring would be <b>a technological masterpiece</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>銀河の隅々にまで広がる</b>文明に エネルギーを供給することができます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">powering a civilization spread across <b>every arm of a galaxy</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AE%E8%AC%8E-%E6%9A%97%E9%BB%92%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%A8%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB-%E4%BA%8C%E9%96%93%E7%80%AC-%E6%95%8F%E5%8F%B2/dp/4865812202?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB+%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC&qid=1615159675&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7b8cfaf52780a2c9e28b74c90b5057be&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4865812202&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4865812202" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>すべて<b>荒唐無稽な憶測</b>に 思えるかもしれませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This all may seem like <b>wild speculation</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>今でも 私たちは<b>エネルギー危機</b>にあり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But even now, in our current <b>energy crisis</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地球の<b>限られた資源</b>の問題に直面しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we’re confronted by<b> the limited resources</b> of our planet. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>持続可能なエネルギー</b>の新しい生産方法は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">New ways of <b>sustainable energy</b> production </span></p><p><br /></p><p>特に人類の種としての存続や <b>技術の進歩</b>に向けての営みにおいて 常に必要とされるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">will always be needed, </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">especially as humanity works towards the survival and <b>technological progress </b>of our species.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC-2-%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AB%E7%A7%98%E3%82%81%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E8%AC%8E-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0/dp/4265820123?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB+%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%BA%BA&qid=1615159919&s=books&sr=1-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=45405e887505bb89cf8ba1ef49053722&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4265820123&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4265820123" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>もしかしたら これらの<b>巨大な天体</b>を 征服した文明が すでに存在しているのかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Perhaps there’s already a civilization out there that has conquered these <b>astronomical giants</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ブラックホールから届く光が<b> 周期的に</b>暗くなることを観測することで 彼らの存在を見分けられるかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We may even be able to tell by seeing the light from their black hole <b>periodically </b>dim</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ダイソンリング</b>の一部が途中を遮って 通過する際に暗くなるからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">as pieces of<b> the Dyson ring</b> pass between us and them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あるいは この超構造体は<b>理論の領域</b>に 留まる運命なのかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Or maybe these superstructures are fated to remain in <b>the realm of theory</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それを知りえるのは 時の経過 そして 私たちの<b>科学的な創意工夫</b>だけなのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Only time— and our <b>scientific ingenuity</b>— will tell. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4315523100?psc=1&pd_rd_i=4315523100p13NParams&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyMEI3RVZQNVVYNlUmZW5jcnlwdGVkSWQ9QTA0MjE0OThHVDlWU0tFUk9BUSZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUFIREpEWUFUS1c2Wk4md2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9kZXRhaWwmYWN0aW9uPWNsaWNrUmVkaXJlY3QmZG9Ob3RMb2dDbGljaz10cnVl&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c7b1d618cc66edc1f6bdd0092a9d2daf&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4315523100&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4315523100" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-74645330855493591492021-03-08T07:13:00.003+09:002021-03-08T07:13:33.500+09:00【TED-Ed】人間にやさしいミルク、地球にやさしいミルク<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_j_o_sullivan_and_grace_e_cunningham_which_type_of_milk_is_best_for_you?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">あなたにとって最適なミルクは?</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Which type of milk is best for you?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%97%E3%81%82%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AE%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3-%E3%83%9D%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E7%A4%BE%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E2%80%95%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9F-%E5%AE%89%E7%94%B0-%E8%8F%9C%E6%B4%A5%E7%B4%80/dp/4591158136?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3&qid=1615150420&rnid=2321267051&s=books&sr=1-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=acd2aff651794da5eddfd08e575d2407&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4591158136&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4591158136" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ミルク</b>を買いにスーパーに行くと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If you go to the store in search of <b>milk</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>めまいがするほど</b> 沢山の種類があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">there are a <b>dizzying </b>number of products to choose from. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>牛乳</b>はもちろんのこと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There’s <b>dairy milk</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>植物由来</b>の製品もあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but also <b>plant-based</b> products. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%80%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD-%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B7%E3%82%8A%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%8A%E7%B6%AD-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E7%A0%82%E7%B3%96%E4%B8%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-1000ml%C3%978%E5%80%8B/dp/B08SBWQW43?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF&qid=1615150778&s=books&sr=1-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cb8fc5401cb6ddfaff87dab38548f55b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08SBWQW43&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08SBWQW43" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>植物をミルクの<b>ようなもの</b>にするには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To turn a plant into something <b>resembling </b>milk, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ふやかして</b> 水を切り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it must be either <b>soaked</b>, drained, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>洗ってから 製粉して<b>濃いペースト状</b>にするか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">rinsed, and milled into <b>a thick paste</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>乾燥させ 製粉して<b>粉末</b>にするかの どちらかになります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or dried, and milled into <b>flour</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>植物由来のペーストまたは粉末は ビタミンやミネラルで<b>栄養価を高め</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The plant paste or flour is then <b>fortified </b>with vitamins and minerals, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>風味をつけ 水で<b>薄めます</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">flavoured, and <b>diluted </b>with water. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B07B6VKMGP?psc=1&pd_rd_i=B07B6VKMGP&pd_rd_w=gBeRP&pf_rd_p=cc3bc4d9-2af6-4e19-b3b8-31051adadc9e&pd_rd_wg=HSzFC&pf_rd_r=SN47P47ZSVG31ZTXMDJR&pd_rd_r=2bdd2c41-cb9f-4d59-a2b8-88aa0cc9ea3b&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyRlRXMjFPQVgzQjVGJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNDM5NzI4MzhCWkg3UzlZR1BMNiZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUExVFpaTlBTSkU3S1JQJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfZGV0YWlsJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2d992d83af7a1eaf5769eedcd21f3a29&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07B6VKMGP&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07B6VKMGP" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>その結果 <b>非常に沢山の種類</b>ができますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The result is <b>a barrage of options</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どれも <b>動物性ミルク</b>の 多くの特徴を持っています</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that share many of the qualities of <b>animal milk</b>. </span></p><p> </p><p>さて 皆さんにとって どのミルクが<b>最適</b>でしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So which milk is actually <b>best </b>for you? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>人気があるミルク</b>を いくつか検討してみましょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Let’s dive into some of the most <b>popular milks</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>牛乳 アーモンドミルク 豆乳 オートミルクのどれでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">dairy, almond, soy, or oat? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%81-%E8%B1%86%E4%B9%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%94-%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8BCook%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E9%A3%B2%E6%96%99%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE/dp/484709039X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%B1%86%E4%B9%B3&qid=1615151147&s=books&sr=1-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=eb6963fa8e1cf010926d8a3656a36305&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=484709039X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=484709039X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>250ミリリットルの<b>牛乳</b>には </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A 250 ml glass of <b>cow’s milk</b> contains </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>8グラムの<b>タンパク質 </b></span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">8 grams of <b>protein</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>12グラムの<b>炭水化物</b>と </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">12 grams of <b>carbohydrates</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>2〜8グラムの<b>脂肪</b>が含まれています </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and 2 to 8 grams of <b>fat </b></span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>スキム・<b>低脂肪</b>・<b>全乳</b>で 脂肪含有量が違うのです </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">depending on if it’s skim, <b>reduced fat</b>, or <b>whole</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>平均的な成人</b>に必要とされる 1日のタンパク質の約15% </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s approximately 15% the daily protein<b> an average adult</b> needs, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>炭水化物</b>の約10% </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">roughly 10% the <b>carbohydrates </b></span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>脂肪</b>分の2〜15%です </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and 2 to 15% the <b>fat</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3%E3%83%BB%E4%B9%B3%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98-%E5%A0%82%E8%BF%AB-%E4%BF%8A%E4%B8%80/dp/4782104189?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3&qid=1615150420&rnid=2321267051&s=books&sr=1-13&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b1972d7023e10361e44c6db91629b43f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4782104189&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4782104189" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどの<b>植物由来のミルク</b>は 牛乳に比べ 炭水化物が少ないのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Most <b>plant-based milks</b> have less carbohydrates than dairy milk. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして <b>脂肪分</b>も少ないのですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They also have less <b>fat</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>いわゆる「<b>善玉脂肪</b>」を多く含んでいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but more of what’s often called “<b>good fats</b>.” </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方で 牛乳に含まれている 体に良い栄養素の<b>ビタミンD</b>や<b>カルシウム</b>は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Meanwhile, the healthy nutrients <b>vitamin D</b> and <b>calcium </b>found in dairy milk </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどの<b>植物由来のミルク</b>には 自然には含まれていません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">don’t occur naturally in most <b>plant-based milks</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3%E3%81%AF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E5%90%88%E3%81%86%E2%80%95%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%89%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%B1-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E5%B0%8F%E5%AF%BA-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D/dp/4540081861?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA+%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3&qid=1615152265&s=books&sr=1-15&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=798d6dfa50bb5f0d502617d6e9f5dfa0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4540081861&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4540081861" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>植物由来のミルク</b>を さらに詳しく見てみると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Looking more closely at our<b> plant-based milks</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アーモンドミルクもオートミルクも 牛乳に比べ <b>タンパク質</b>の量が少ないのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">both almond and oat are low in <b>protein </b>compared to dairy. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アーモンドミルクが 4つの中で<b>栄養価が最も低い</b>一方 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But while almond milk has<b> the least nutrients </b>of the four, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オートミルクには健康的な繊維である <b>ベータグルカン</b>が多く含まれており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">oat milk is full of <b>beta-glucans</b>, a healthy type of fibre. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>他の植物由来のミルクに比べ <b>炭水化物</b>も多く </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It also has a lot of <b>carbohydrates </b>compared to other plant milks— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>牛乳</b>と同じくらい 含まれていることもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">sometimes as much as <b>dairy milk</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/KAMCO-KAMCO-ORGANIC-OAT-MILK-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF-946ml%C3%976%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88/dp/B07X6JXLFJ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF&qid=1615152643&sr=8-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8097249f2c4758bded5d9af784ab820f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07X6JXLFJ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07X6JXLFJ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方で<b>豆乳</b>は 牛乳と同じぐらい タンパク質が含まれていて </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Soy milk</b>, meanwhile, has as much protein as cow’s milk </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>カリウム</b>の宝庫でもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and is also a great source of <b>potassium</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>豆乳には <b>イソフラボン</b>が含まれていて </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Soybeans contain <b>isoflavone</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>エストロゲン</b>の機能を真似することで ホルモンバランスを崩しかねないと かつては考えられていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which people used to think might trigger hormonal imbalances by mimicking the function of <b>estrogen</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>結局のところ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But ultimately, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>豆乳には<b>イソフラボン</b>が ほんのわずかしか含まれておらず </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">soy milk contains very small amounts of <b>isoflavones</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>エストロゲン</b>に比べて 体に与える影響がずっと少ないのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which have a much weaker effect on our bodies than <b>estrogen</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3-%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E7%9B%A3%E4%BF%AE-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF-%E7%84%A1%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E8%B1%86%E4%B9%B3-1000ml%C3%976%E6%9C%AC/dp/B0754687SB?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%B1%86%E4%B9%B3&qid=1615152823&sr=8-14&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3d7451a9021a75e6b4d231b004d10fe5&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B0754687SB&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B0754687SB" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>個々の状況</b>によって </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Depending on<b> individual circumstances</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらのミルクのうち1つが<b> 抜きん出る</b>可能性があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">one of these milks may be <b>the clear winner</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もし<b>乳糖アレルギー</b>であれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">if you’re <b>lactose intolerant</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>植物由来のミルク</b>が適切であり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">then <b>the plant-based milks</b> pull ahead, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もしナッツ<b>アレルギー</b>であれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while if you’re <b>allergic </b>to nuts, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>アーモンドミルク</b>は外しますよね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>almond milk </b>is out. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>広範で多様な食料品</b>の確保が 困難な人々にとって </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For people who don’t have access to <b>a wide and varied diet</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>牛乳が <b>これらの栄養素</b>を 最も効果的に取り入れる役目を果たし得ます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">dairy milk can be the most efficient way to get <b>these nutrients</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>他の条件が全て<b>同じ</b>なら </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But all else being <b>equal</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>4種類のどのミルクも 十分に<b>バランスの取れた 食事</b>の一部になる栄養素を備えています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">any one of these four milks is nutritious enough to be part of <b>a balanced diet</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>よって 多くの人にとって 自分自身に最も適したミルクは 実は<b>地球にも 最もやさしい</b>のです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s why for many people, the milk that’s best for you is actually the milk that’s <b>best for the planet</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>さてどのミルクが 最も少ない資源で作られ 環境汚染が最も少ないのでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So which uses the fewest resources and produces the least pollution? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E9%A3%9F%E2%80%95%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%92%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E6%8A%9C%E3%81%8F-%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B7-%E3%82%86%E3%81%BF%E3%81%93/dp/4944098111?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%A3%9F+%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&qid=1615153624&s=books&sr=1-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d83d41fead0e74a7a648f4e232830caf&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4944098111&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4944098111" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>コップ1杯の牛乳を作るのに 約<b>4平方キロ</b>の土地が必要で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It takes almost <b>4 square kilometers</b> to produce just one glass of cow’s milk, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この土地の利用は <b>森林破壊</b>と <b>動植物の生息地破壊</b>につながります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">land use that drives <b>deforestation </b>and <b>habitat destruction</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどの土地は 牛の放牧に使われ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Most of that is land the cows live on, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一部は牛の<b>飼料</b>を栽培するのに使われます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and some is used to grow their <b>feed</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの牛は <b>大豆</b>と<b>オーツ麦</b>を食べます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Many cows eat <b>soy beans</b> and <b>oats</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E7%94%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E9%9B%84%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E7%89%9B-%E3%81%99%E3%81%99%E3%82%80%E5%90%9B-1%E5%B7%BB-%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC-%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0-ebook/dp/B08WWYZ18M?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%89%9B+%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&qid=1615153862&s=books&sr=1-17&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6bb78dd10b97558da866500506c56f54&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08WWYZ18M&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08WWYZ18M" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>ミルク用の<b>オーツ麦</b>や<b>大豆</b>を育てる土地は 乳牛の飼育に比べ 少なくて済み </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It takes much less land to grow <b>the oats </b>or <b>soybeans</b> for milk than it does to feed a dairy cow— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コップ一杯に必要な広さは たった<b>0.25平方キロ</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">only about <b>a quarter square kilometer</b> per glass. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アーモンドミルクも 同じような<b>土地利用</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Almond milk has similar<b> land use</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>土地がどこにあるかも<b>重要</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But where that land is also <b>matters</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大豆農場は <b>森林破壊</b>の主な要因ですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">soybean farms are a major driver of <b>deforestation</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オーツ麦とアーモンド農場は そうではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while oat and almond farms aren’t. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89-%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3-ebook/dp/B07T8F68QX?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89&qid=1615154024&s=books&sr=1-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cc4a8c7e089bfeaa352b53f757859d44&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07T8F68QX&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07T8F68QX" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ミルクの生産には 全ての工程に<b>水</b>を使いますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Making milk uses <b>water </b>every step of the way, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大きな違いがあるのは <b>飼育・栽培の段階</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but it’s<b> the farming stage</b> where big differences emerge. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>牛乳</b>が最も多くの水を使い </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Dairy milk</b> uses the most water— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コップ1杯で約<b>120リットル</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">about<b> 120 liters </b>per glass, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのほとんどが 牛の飲用水と 飼料の栽培用です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">mostly to water cows and grow their food. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>2番目</b>に多いのが アーモンドミルクで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Almonds take <b>second place</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コップ1杯で <b>70リットル</b>以上が必要です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">at more than<b> 70 liters</b> of water per glass. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>使用する水の殆どが <b>アーモンドの木</b>を育てるために使われますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Most of that water is used to grow <b>almond trees</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは アーモンドが実るまで 何年も <b>水やり</b>が必要だからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which take years of <b>watering </b>before they start producing almonds. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アーモンドの木は 水を与え続けなれば <b>枯れてしまいます</b>が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The trees must be watered consistently, or they <b>die</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>他の多くの作物は 農地を<b>休ませて</b>も 後ほど 生産することができます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while many other crops can be left <b>fallow </b>and still produce later. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>全体として 大豆とオーツ麦は <b>少量の水</b>で済み </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">All told, soy and oats require<b> less water</b> to grow: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コップ1杯のミルクあたり おそよ<b>5〜10リットル</b>です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">only about<b> 5 to 10 liters</b> per glass of milk. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9B%B3%E8%A7%A3%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B-14%E6%AD%B3%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%A8%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C-%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80/dp/4778317041?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B0%B4+%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&qid=1615154792&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=20092e1bc88e138290527d8c4e9d0fa6&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4778317041&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4778317041" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>ミルクの生産は <b>温室効果ガス</b>を いくらか排出します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Milk production generates some <b>greenhouse gas</b> emissions— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>植物由来のミルク</b>コップ1杯では およそ0.1〜0.2グラムですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">about 0.1 to 0.2 kilograms per glass for <b>the plant-based milks</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>牛乳</b>の場合は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But for <b>dairy milk</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>牛自体も大量のメタンガスを <b>ゲップ</b>や<b>おなら</b>という形で排出します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the cows themselves also produce emissions by <b>burping </b>and <b>farting </b>out large quantities of the gas methane. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>全体としては 1杯の牛乳を作るために 500グラム以上の<b>温室効果ガス</b>を 排出することになります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Overall, each glass of dairy milk contributes over half a kilogram of <b>greenhouse gas</b> emissions. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B2%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3-%E5%AE%89%E3%81%84%E8%82%89%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%93%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88-%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97-%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC-ebook/dp/B00T5YU7LY?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C+%E7%89%9B&qid=1615154961&s=books&sr=1-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b0567df5180314cffd6a6e4db9a3a86b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00T5YU7LY&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00T5YU7LY" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>皆さんの食生活に 何が<b>必要</b>かによって </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So while depending on your dietary <b>needs</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どのミルクが<b>適している</b>かが決まりますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">any one of these milks may be a good <b>fit</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>地球環境</b>にとっては </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">in terms of <b>the health of our planet</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>植物由来のミルクを選ぶべき <b>確固たる理由</b>があるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">there’s <b>a strong case</b> for choosing plant-based milks, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>特に<b>オートミルク</b>や<b>豆乳</b>が適しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">particularly <b>oat</b> or <b>soy milk</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%82%8B%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E6%84%9B%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%80%81%E8%80%95%E3%81%99%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E5%A7%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B-%E8%84%B1%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A8%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E6%B1%9A%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A6%E3%80%81%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E3%81%88%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%BB%E3%81%A9%E7%BE%8E%E5%91%B3%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB/dp/4309206069?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF+%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF&qid=1615155150&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6f58e5f5365d7bcef204ac85508151e4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4309206069&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4309206069" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-67106948447810624712021-02-28T17:12:00.002+09:002021-02-28T17:12:43.279+09:00【TED-Ed】間違った思考に勝つ<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_cox_can_you_outsmart_the_fallacy_that_started_a_witch_hunt?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">魔女狩りをはじめた間違った思考に勝てますか?</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Can you outsmart the fallacy </span></b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that started a witch hunt?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC-%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A-%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%8F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2-%E9%BB%92%E5%B7%9D-%E6%AD%A3%E5%89%9B/dp/4309761615?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A&qid=1614497766&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=4e5ecf3136300639c63eee81c0196aea&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4309761615&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4309761615" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>おお <b>魔女狩り</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ah, <b>a witch hunt</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人間は絶え間無く<b>理性</b>を 探究しています</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Humans are tireless in their pursuit of<b> reason</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>「時は1950年 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"It’s 1950. </span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p>ソビエトと中国の <b>共産主義政権</b>からの脅威の下で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Following threats from <b>the communist governments</b> of the Soviet Union and China,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>米国の<b>反共産主義の感情</b>は 最高に高まっていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>anti-communist sentiment</b> in the United States is at an all-time high. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ジョセフ・マッカーシー上院議員は 政府の政策に影響を与えている ― <b>205人の共産主義者の名簿</b>を 持っていると訴えています」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Senator Joseph McCarthy claims he has <b>a list of 205 communists</b> in the US who are influencing government policy." </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%BB%92%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%88%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E7%AF%87%E3%80%89-%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8C-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF/dp/4480097740?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&qid=1614498070&sr=8-9&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c35eca3f7349ea0233e4b64c4e61d626&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4480097740&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4480097740" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>私は<b>チャンネル</b>を変えていませんよね? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Didn’t I just change <b>the channel</b>? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ああ わかりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ah, I see. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>違う魔女狩り</b>のことですね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s <b>a different witch hunt</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><p>「上院はマッカーシーの訴えを 審議する<b>委員会</b>を設置しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"The senate forms<b> a committee</b> to investigate McCarthy’s claims. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>マッカーシーの<b>最初の申し立て</b>は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">McCarthy names his <b>first case</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは弁護士 裁判官そして活動家でもある 有名人<b>ドロシー・ケニオン</b>に対するものです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">against prominent lawyer, judge, and activist <b>Dorothy Kenyon</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼女を共産主義の活動の場となっている <b>28組織</b>のメンバーであると告訴しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">He accuses her of membership to <b>28 organizations</b> that are communist fronts.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>全国の新聞が急いで<b>彼女の弁護</b>を始め </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Newspapers around the country rush to <b>her defense</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼女が声高に<b>反共産主義</b>を 唱えた記録を示します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">pointing out her vocally <b>anti-communist</b> record. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>上院はとにかく <b>公聴会</b>を予定しており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The senate committee schedules <b>a hearing </b>anyway, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼女には<b>5日</b>の準備期間しか ありません」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> and she has just <b>five days</b> to prepare." </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%AC%A7%E7%B1%B3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A3%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E3%80%81%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E3%80%81%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A%E3%80%81KKK%E3%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E3%81%A8%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96-%E6%B5%9C%E6%9C%AC-%E9%9A%86%E5%BF%97/dp/4750342432?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A&qid=1614497766&sr=8-11&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f5f5b6fc1d721b36c9232550d45b439f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4750342432&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4750342432" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>ひどい</b>ですね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This is <b>too much</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もし政府が<b>理性の力</b>にならないならば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If the government won’t be<b> a voice of reason</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>わたしがならなければ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">I’ll have to. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これならまあ似合っているね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s better. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%9F%A5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%BD%93-SB%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8-%E9%A6%AC%E6%B8%95-%E7%9D%A6%E5%A4%AB/dp/4797399880?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&qid=1614498070&sr=8-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=73b48d0bded87e0c646b637312b2e941&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4797399880&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4797399880" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>立法府</b>ともあろう方々が公聴会を行うことに 同意したことに驚いています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">I’m surprised you good <b>legislators</b> have agreed to move this hearing forward. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたがたは<b>無知</b>から生じた ある種の議論の餌食になっています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You’re falling prey to a type of argument from <b>ignorance</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは <b>間違い</b>と証明されていないが故に ある主張は正しいとする考え方です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">assuming that a claim is true because it hasn’t been proven <b>false</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この告訴は 上院議員マッカーシーが <b>合理的な証拠</b>を示さずに 裁判官ケニオンを訴えたものですね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The claim being Senator McCarthy’s accusations against Judge Kenyon, for which he provided no <b>legitimate evidence</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そうでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Is that right? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>私はそう思いました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">I thought so. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼女が関わっているとされる 所謂 <b>共産主義者組織</b>の幾つかは 存在さえしていません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some of the so-called <b>communist organizations</b> he accused her of joining don’t even exist. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%A0%B4%E3%82%92%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E6%82%AA%E3%81%AE%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E3%80%8D%E6%8A%80%E6%B3%95-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A4%E3%81%92%E3%81%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97/dp/4866800070?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%AB%96%E6%B3%95&qid=1614498749&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2d5d465d8b47f4dbd866edde160f6b06&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4866800070&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4866800070" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>間違いだと証明されていないことを理由に ある主張は真実だと決めてかかることは <b>他の多くの可能性</b>を無視しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To assume a claim is true because it hasn’t been proven false ignores <b>many other possibilities</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>まだ<b>間違い</b>が証明されていない可能性 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that it hasn’t been proven <b>false </b>yet, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>正しい</b>か間違いか証明出来ない可能性 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that it can’t be proven <b>true </b>or false, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>完全には</b>正しくないか 完全には 間違いではない可能性など </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or that it isn’t <b>completely </b>true or completely false, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほんの一例です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to name a few. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%A7%E8%B6%85%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E3%82%92%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AB%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B-%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%84%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%9C%E3%82%8A%E6%96%B9-%E8%8B%AB%E7%B1%B3%E5%9C%B0-%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%BA-ebook/dp/B00O4TE6B2?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%AB%96%E6%B3%95&qid=1614498749&sr=8-22&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=da233b3d2c0c63a066238154b8bb9eef&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00O4TE6B2&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00O4TE6B2" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これは有用な<b>経験則</b>を導き出します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This leads to a handy <b>rule of thumb</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>立証責任</b>は訴える側にあるということです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the burden of proof</b> lies with the person making the claim. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>言い換えれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In other words, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>訴えるならば <b>証拠</b>を提出するということです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">you make the claim, you supply<b> the proof</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もし 誰かが<b>エイリアン</b>は存在すると 言ったならば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If someone told you <b>aliens </b>exist, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたはエイリアンが存在しない<b>証拠</b>を 探し始めるでしょうか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">would you head off to find <b>proof </b>that they don’t exist? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もちろん いいえですよね </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Of course not. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたは<b>UFO</b>を見せてくれと その人に言うことでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You’d tell that person to show you<b> the UFO</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E3%81%A7%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E8%A6%B3%E3%81%8C%E5%A4%89%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B-%E3%80%8C%E3%82%84%E3%81%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%B1-%E6%B0%97%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99/dp/4046045159?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%BA%BA&qid=1614499199&rnid=2321267051&s=books&sr=1-18-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyV0lDSkxMSERVRzk0JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNjkzMDAwM0I3NE9STDhYWFlQNSZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUEzVlU1MENJT1dXTzhOJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfYXRmX25leHQmYWN0aW9uPWNsaWNrUmVkaXJlY3QmZG9Ob3RMb2dDbGljaz10cnVl&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e84953086234a2f96453266745c055ab&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4046045159&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4046045159" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>同じことが<b> 確立したコンセンサス</b>に反することを 誰かが訴えるときに適用されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The same applies when someone makes a claim that contradicts <b>an established consensus</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>全ての<b>入手可能な証拠</b>が 人類が地球の気温上昇を 引き起こしていることを示していれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So when all </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">the available evidence</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> suggests that humans are causing an increase in global temperatures, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>立証責任</b>は果たされています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the burden of proof</b> has been fulfilled— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もし 同意しない場合 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">if you disagree, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そうでないことを 証明する<b>責任</b>が有ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it becomes your <b>responsibility </b>to prove otherwise. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>宜しいですか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Right? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E3%81%A8%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD-%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88/dp/4480097457?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB&qid=1614499383&s=books&sr=1-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=ba79a759d3c93c01c5e621327556ac1b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4480097457&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4480097457" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>先走り</b>をしてしまいました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ah, I’ve gotten <b>ahead </b>of myself. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>私の言っていることの<b>意味</b>は すぐに解りますよ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You’ll see what I <b>mean </b>soon enough. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>とにかく<b> 法制度</b>は建前として このルールを認めています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Anyway, your<b> legal system</b> supposedly recognizes this rule— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>だから あなたがたはここで 一体何をしているのですか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">so what are you all doing here? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82%E5%85%AD%E6%B3%95-%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%8E-%E8%81%A1%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E/dp/4335357923?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&qid=1614499567&sr=8-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=dcc15aff5d05111c304c6b74e5e0b6e5&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4335357923&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4335357923" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>「1950年7月17日の出来事です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"It’s July 17th, 1950, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>上院の小委員会は正式にケニオンに対する 全ての告訴を<b>却下</b>しました」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and the senate subcommittee has officially <b>dismissed </b>all charges against Kenyon." </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>彼らはすべきことをしました</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As they should! </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「1954年 上院は正式に マッカーシーを<b>懲戒処分</b>にしました」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"It’s 1954, and the senate has formally <b>disciplined </b>McCarthy." </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>時間が掛かりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Took them long enough! </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>「彼は<b>残りの任期</b>は務めるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"He will serve out <b>the rest of his term</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし 2度と<b>公職</b>に選出されることは ないでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but will never again be elected to <b>a public office</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>なぜならば 彼が<b>反共産主義</b>を 広めた影響により </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Because of his widespread <b>anti-communist</b> influence, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何百人もの人が<b>投獄</b>され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">hundreds of people have been <b>incarcerated</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何千人もの人々が<b>職</b>を失ったからです」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and thousands have lost <b>their jobs</b>." </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ああ <b>共産主義者</b>がしたことを見て下さい! </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ah! Look what <b>the communists</b> did! </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%81%AF%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AE%E9%A1%94%E3%82%92%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-1-%E5%8D%98%E8%A1%8C%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E5%B0%8F%E6%A2%85-%E3%81%91%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8-ebook/dp/B083PXMX18?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&qid=1614499797&sr=8-49&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=51f83ee6a97d7f7d26d77a40b3d8db95&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B083PXMX18&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B083PXMX18" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-71656013351356135742021-02-28T04:39:00.001+09:002021-02-28T04:39:11.687+09:00【TED-Ed】一兆本の木<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jean_francois_bastin_what_if_there_were_1_trillion_more_trees?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">地球に一兆本多く木があったら</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What if there were 1 trillion more trees?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%AF%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E3%83%BB%E6%81%B5%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E6%A3%AE-Rain-Forest-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%A98-3D%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%9F%B3-%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AFCD%E4%BB%98/dp/B001L2IOD6?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%AF%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97&qid=1614451845&sr=8-29&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=baa430fbe784147368e4e5be7e923672&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B001L2IOD6&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B001L2IOD6" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>高さ約<b>84メートル</b>のそびえたつ この木は 地球上で知られている もっとも大きな 生きている木です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Standing at almost <b>84 meters</b> tall, this is the largest known living tree on the planet.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>シャーマン将軍の愛称で呼ばれる この<b>巨大なセコイア</b>は 約1,400トンの大気中の炭素を 推定2,500年以上にわたり 吸収してきました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Nicknamed General Sherman, <b>this giant sequoia</b> has sequestered roughly 1,400 tons of atmospheric carbon over its estimated 2,500 years on earth. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2-%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3/dp/4834026574?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2&qid=1614452080&sr=8-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2ddd395729fb715d62de8a92e9e176ed&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4834026574&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4834026574" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>この<b>炭素への影響の大きさ</b>で 張り合える他の木はほとんどありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Very few trees can compete with this <b>carbon impact</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし現在 人類は毎分<b>1,400トン</b>以上の 炭素をつくりだしています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but today, humanity produces more than <b>1,400 tons</b> of carbon every minute. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>気候変動</b>と闘うためには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To combat <b>climate change</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>化石燃料</b>の排出量を大幅に削減し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we need to steeply reduce <b>fossil fuel</b> emissions, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>温室効果ガスの大気バランスを取り戻すため <b>過剰な二酸化炭素</b>を減らす必要があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and draw down <b>excess CO2</b> to restore our atmosphere’s balance of greenhouse gases. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし この気候変動との闘いのために <b>木</b>は何ができるのでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But what can <b>trees</b> do to help in this fight? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そもそも木はどのように 炭素を<b>吸収する</b>のでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And how do they <b>sequester </b>carbon in the first place? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%8C%E7%87%83%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B-%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%82%92%E6%95%91%E3%81%86%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A8%80-%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9F-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3/dp/4272330993?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0+%E6%8E%92%E5%87%BA&qid=1614452314&sr=8-22&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e8b3a8542ee2b991d5cfbe7e140b78f4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4272330993&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4272330993" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>すべての植物のように </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Like all plants, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>木は大気中の炭素を 「<b>光合成</b>」と呼ばれる 化学反応を通して消費します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">trees consume atmospheric carbon through a chemical reaction called <b>photosynthesis</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この過程では 水と二酸化炭素を 酸素と <b>エネルギー貯蔵用の炭水化物</b>に 変換するために 日光からのエネルギーを使います </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This process uses energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and <b>energy-storing carbohydrates</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>植物では その後これらの炭水化物を 光合成の逆のプロセスである 「<b>呼吸</b>」により消費し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Plants then consume these carbohydrates in a reverse process called </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">respiration</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>エネルギーに変換し <b>炭素</b>として大気中に放出します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">converting them to energy and releasing <b>carbon </b>back into the atmosphere. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし 木では吸収した炭素の <b>大部分</b>は放出されず </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In trees, however, <b>a large portion</b> of that carbon isn’t released, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>代わりに 新しく形成された <b>木質組織</b>として貯留されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and instead, is stored as newly formed <b>wood tissue</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3-%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89-%E3%83%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88-%E5%A3%81%E9%A3%BE%E3%82%8A%E6%9C%A8%E6%9E%A0%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88/dp/B07VNM2FSD?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0+%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&qid=1614452608&sr=8-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=98e8bfcc73801466532b951184d0ec11&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07VNM2FSD&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07VNM2FSD" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>木はその一生を通して <b>炭素貯留庫</b>として機能し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">During their lifetimes, trees act as<b> carbon vaults</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして成長する限り 炭素を<b>削減</b>し続けます しかし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and they continue to <b>draw down</b> carbon for as long as they grow. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>木が枯れて<b>朽ちる</b>時 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, when a tree dies and<b> decays</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>貯留された炭素の一部は 大気中に<b>放出</b>されますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">some of its carbon will be <b>released back</b> into the air. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くは二酸化炭素として<b>土の中</b>に 何千年もの間 貯留されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A significant amount of CO2 is stored <b>in the soil</b>, where it can remain for thousands of years. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし最終的には その炭素は また<b>大気中</b>に浸透します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But eventually, that carbon also seeps back <b>into the atmosphere</b>. </span></p><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%A8%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E3%81%AE10%E4%B8%87%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2-%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%AB%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8C%E8%B5%B7%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B%E3%80%81%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8C%E8%B5%B7%E3%81%93%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D-%E6%AF%85/dp/4065020042?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0+%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C&qid=1614452839&sr=8-20&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3737af41022e5747e6db49bc02e12df3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4065020042&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4065020042" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></div><p><br /></p><p>ですから木が<b>気候変動</b>のような 長期的問題との闘いに 貢献するには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So if trees are going to help fight a long-term problem like <b>climate change</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>炭素を大気から分離して 貯留しておくために 素早く<b>繁殖</b>し 可能な限り長く 生き続けなければなりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they need to survive to sequester their carbon for the longest period possible, while also <b>reproducing </b>quickly. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの<b>要件</b>を満たす 特定の木はあるでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Is there one type of tree we could plant that meets these <b>criteria</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>成長が速く 長く生き 大量の炭素を吸収でき 世界中で繁殖させられる 木が一体どれくらいあるでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some fast growing, long-lived, super sequestering species we could scatter worldwide? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>私たちが知る限りありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Not that we know of. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%A4%89%E5%8B%95-%E7%80%AC%E6%88%B8%E9%9A%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83-%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF-%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A/dp/4863134002?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%A4%89%E5%8B%95&qid=1614453060&sr=8-24&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=73ef25c80fd0c4750fff8fd7893cd0bd&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4863134002&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4863134002" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>もし <b>そのような木</b>があるとしても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But even if <b>such a tree </b>existed, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>長期的な良い解決策</b>にはなりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it wouldn’t be<b> a good long-term solution</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>森は<b>有機体</b>の複雑な繋がりで成り立っており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Forests are complex networks of<b> living organisms</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>あらゆる生態系</b>で繁殖できる1種類の木 というものはありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and there’s no one species that can thrive in <b>every ecosystem</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>木を植えるなら <b>土地原産の木</b>で すでにその環境の中で 役割を果たしている種類が最適です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The most sustainable trees to plant are always <b>native ones</b>; </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">species that already play a role in their local environment.</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>予備調査</b>で明らかになっているのは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Preliminary research</b> shows </span></p><p><br /></p><p>生態系の中でも 自然に木の種類が<b>多様</b>になったところでは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that ecosystems with a naturally occurring <b>diversity</b> of trees </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>資源</b>の獲得競争が穏やかで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">have less competition for <b>resources </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>気候変動に対する<b>耐性</b>も高いことです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and better <b>resist</b> climate change. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>つまり炭素の<b>削減</b>には ただ木を植えればいいわけではなく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This means we can’t just plant trees to <b>draw down</b> carbon; </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>衰退した生態系</b>を 再生させる必要があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we need to restore <b>depleted ecosystems</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>実に多くの地域で 木が伐採し尽くされ 土地開発されてしまい <b>再生</b>を必要とする時期に来ています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are numerous regions that have been clear cut or developed that are ripe for <b>restoring</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%8C%E6%8A%B1%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%90%E6%8E%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%A8%E6%8C%81%E7%B6%9A%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E3%81%AA%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD-PENGUIN-BUSINESS-JOURNAL-ebook/dp/B08TVHQF92?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%90%E6%8E%A1&qid=1614453441&sr=8-24&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=042bbc1c9e7bf46512a7d7f5c680eae8&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08TVHQF92&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08TVHQF92" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>2019年に <b>チューリッヒ</b>の クラウザー研究室による研究では </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 2019, a study led by <b>Zurich</b>’s Crowtherlab</span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在 木がどのように世界に分布しているかを <b>衛星画像</b>で分析しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">analyzed <b>satellite imagery</b> of the world’s existing tree cover. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それを気候や<b>土壌のデータ</b>と組み合わせ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By combining it with climate and <b>soil data</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人類が使用するために必要な領域を除外した上で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and excluding areas necessary for human use, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地球は現存の森に加え<b>10億ヘクタール</b>程の 森を支えることができると判断しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they determined Earth could support nearly <b>one billion hectares</b> of additional forest.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>それはおよそ<b>1.2兆本の木</b>になります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s roughly <b>1.2 trillion trees</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%99%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89-%E8%90%BD%E5%90%88%E4%BF%8A%E4%B9%9F/dp/4863586523?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83&qid=1614453741&sr=8-43&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=35d36bfd75eafbfb87b7d8318e5d9862&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4863586523&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4863586523" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>この<b>衝撃的な数字</b>は科学界を驚かせ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This <b>staggering number </b>surprised the scientific community, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>さらなる研究</b>のきっかけとなりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">prompting <b>additional research</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>科学者達は現在ではやや控えめな それでもまだ<b> 驚くべき数字</b>を挙げています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Scientists now cite a more conservative but still <b>remarkable figure</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼らの<b>修正された見積もり</b>によると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By their <b>revised estimates</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの<b>再生された生態系</b>は 千億から2千億トン程の炭素を </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">these <b>restored ecosystems</b> could capture anywhere from 100 to 200 billion tons of carbon, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>つまり人類の<b>炭素排出</b>の 6分の1を超える量を吸収できます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">accounting for over one-sixth of humanity’s <b>carbon emissions</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E2%80%95%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88-%E7%B1%B3%E5%80%89-%E4%B9%85%E9%82%A6/dp/4883203034?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97+%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F&qid=1614453962&sr=8-30&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8caf469c48696fd3ea21389eaa477ab4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4883203034&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4883203034" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>新たな生態系再生プランの 対象になり得る <b>林冠</b>の半分以上が 僅か6つの国の 森林の高木層で見つけられます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">More than half of the potential <b>forest canopy</b> for new restoration efforts can be found in just six countries. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そしてこの研究は <b>既存の森林再生事業</b>にも 情報を提供できます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And the study can also provide insight into <b>existing restoration projects</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「<b>ボンチャレンジ</b>」のような </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">like<b> The Bonn Challenge</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>2030年までに<b>3億5千万ヘクタール</b>の 森の再生を目指す取り組みにです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which aims to restore <b>350 million hectares</b> of forest by 2030. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%85%A7%E8%91%89%E6%A8%B9%E6%9E%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E4%BD%95%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86-%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E3%81%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E3%83%BB%E7%B6%BE%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8-%E3%81%BF%E3%82%84%E3%81%96%E3%81%8D%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB71-%E4%B8%8A%E9%87%8E-%E7%99%BB/dp/4860613554?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97+%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F&qid=1614453962&sr=8-42&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=9cd6482ba3d3d0f9b357fa7560cde707&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4860613554&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4860613554" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし ここからが<b>複雑</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But this is where it gets <b>complicated</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>生態系は 非常に<b>複合的</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ecosystems are incredibly <b>complex</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>人の手</b>で再生されたものが 最適かどうかは不明です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and it’s unclear whether they’re best restored by <b>human intervention</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>特定の地域においては単に <b>放っておく</b>のが良い ということも有り得ます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s possible the right thing to do for certain areas is to simply <b>leave them alone</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>さらに 一部の研究者達は この規模での森林の再生は <b>予期せぬ結果</b>を招く可能性がある と 懸念しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Additionally, some researchers worry that restoring forests on this scale may have <b>unintended consequences</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>たとえば副産物として<b>天然の生化学物質</b>を 逆に気候変動を加速しかねないペースで 生産してしまうようなことです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">like producing<b> natural bio-chemicals</b> at a pace that could actually accelerate climate change. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そしてこれらの地域を <b>再生</b>することに成功したとしても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And even if we succeed in <b>restoring </b>these areas, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>将来の世代は 過去に自然資源の枯渇をもたらした <b>自然災害と経済優先主義</b>から 森を保護することが 必要になるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">future generations would need to protect them from <b>the natural and economic forces</b> that previously depleted them. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%88%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%8C%E6%BB%85%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82-%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E5%83%95%E3%81%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%A8%E3%82%92%E6%A4%8D%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B-%E7%80%A7%E6%A3%AE-%E5%8F%A4%E9%83%BD/dp/4797390379?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&crid=3S4UUF9D7DBIQ&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%88%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5+%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%8C%E6%BB%85%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5+%E5%83%95%E3%81%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%A8%E3%82%92%E6%A4%8D%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B&qid=1614454462&sprefix=%E6%9C%A8+%E6%A4%8D%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%2Caps%2C324&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6b451f9737fce56e2600e919c63dc836&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4797390379&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4797390379" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>まとめると </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Taken together, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>これらの難題</b>は 世界中の森林再生事業の 自信を失わせてきました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>these challenges </b>have damaged confidence in restoration projects worldwide. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>そして生態系の再構築の複雑さは <b>既存の森林</b>を保護することが いかに大切かを示しています </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And the complexity of rebuilding ecosystems demonstrates how important it is to protect our <b>existing forests</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>しかしうまくいけば これら枯渇した地域の いくつかを再生することが 気候変動との大規模な闘いに必要な <b>データと確信</b>を与えてくれるでしょう </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But hopefully, restoring some of these depleted regions will give us <b>the data and conviction </b>necessary to combat climate change on a larger scale. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>正しいやり方をすれば </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If we get it right, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>現在の木々が<b> 強力な炭素貯留庫</b>へと成長する 時間はまだ残されているかもしれません </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">maybe these modern trees will have time to grow into <b>carbon carrying titans</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8E%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E3%80%8F%E3%82%92%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E3%81%A7%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80-%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC-ebook/dp/B07LCD9T6R?pd_rd_w=CLI4l&pf_rd_p=7315a622-8a13-4ec3-bc20-ec582f8fd407&pf_rd_r=QKWQYQVDJGCHTCN902VW&pd_rd_r=0c0d73b6-b58a-4134-8851-f69eeb3b371f&pd_rd_wg=IYhJb&pd_rd_i=B07LCD9T6R&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=01b111a3593d976c4a5f1603c133884b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07LCD9T6R&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07LCD9T6R" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-18273580627857115102021-02-25T07:25:00.005+09:002021-02-25T07:27:43.410+09:00【TED-Ed】選挙でダマされないために<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/claire_wardle_can_you_outsmart_a_troll_by_thinking_like_one?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">あなたはネット荒らしの立場で考えて、</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">その裏をかくことができますか?</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Can you outsmart a troll by thinking like one?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%82%8E%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6-%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3-%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%80/dp/4023317063?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88+%E7%82%8E%E4%B8%8A&qid=1614202923&s=books&sr=1-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8b3b21108b99565c52c3260fb4f12e48&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4023317063&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4023317063" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたの市で <b>市長選挙</b>が予定されており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Your town is holding <b>a mayoral election</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>空前の大勝負とみられています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and the stakes have never been higher: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>なぜなら 選挙の結果が <b>再生可能エネルギー</b>の依存度を 100%にしようとする 地域の運動の命運を左右するからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the outcome will decide the fate of a local movement to rely on 100% <b>renewable energy</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>候補者の1人 ジョアナ・B・グリーンは <b>運動の熱心な推進者</b>なのに対し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">One mayoral nominee, Joanna B. Greene, is <b>a champion of this movement</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もう1人の候補 スタニス・クオは 断固として<b>反対</b>の姿勢を見せています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while the other, Stannis Quo, staunchly <b>opposes</b> it. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>クオ候補は 当選するためなら<b> 手段</b>を厭わないと公言しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">He’s announced he’ll use whatever <b>tactics</b> are necessary to win the election. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたは 市の<b>サイバーセキュリティの 専門家</b>であり 警戒心を高めています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As the municipal<b> cybersecurity expert</b>, you’re on high alert. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あなたは クオ候補が 形勢を逆転させるために <b>偽情報</b>を流布し始めたのではと 疑いの目を向けています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Election day is near and you suspect that Quo will begin pushing <b>false information</b> to swing the election in his favor. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E3%81%8C%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E2%80%95%E6%97%A5%E7%B1%B3%E9%9F%93%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%82%8B%E6%96%B0%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AA%E3%80%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%9C%8F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%A7%BF-%E6%B8%85%E5%8E%9F-%E8%81%96%E5%AD%90/dp/4766420675?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99+%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88&qid=1614203288&s=books&sr=1-9&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2985f986fde1286872d7eba2e7c3075b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4766420675&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4766420675" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>あなたの任務は 選挙を前に 市民が偽情報に惑わされないよう <b>予防線を張ること</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Your job is <b>to inoculate</b> the townspeople against false information before the election. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>偽情報</b>の対策上 最も有効な方法の一つが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">One of the most effective ways to tackle <b>disinformation </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>偽情報の作成と拡散を行う者が どんな<b>戦略</b>を用いるか 考えてみるよう 人々に促すことです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">is to encourage people to think about <b>the strategies</b> used by those who create and spread it. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは一見<b> 直感に反して</b>おり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This might seem <b>counter-intuitive</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>危険を<b>孕む</b>よう思えるかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>potentially </b>dangerous— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>でも「<b>手引書</b>」を作成したりしない限り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but as long as you don’t create a “<b>how-to manual</b>,” </span></p><p><br /></p><p>積極的に<b>予防線を張ること</b>は効果的です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">active <b>inoculation</b> is an effective option. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>2019年に行われた研究では オンラインゲームを用い 参加者が <b>偽情報作成者</b>の立場になって 考える訓練をしました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A study conducted in 2019 used an online game to train people to think like <b>a disinformation producer</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>次に <b>参加者</b>が 偽情報を目にしたとき </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When<b> the participants</b> were next shown the disinformation, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それが<b>信頼</b>のおける情報だと 思う割合が 著しく低下しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">their perception of its <b>reliability</b> dropped significantly. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E3%82%92%E5%8B%95%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9-%E3%83%87%E3%83%9E%E3%81%A8%E6%89%87%E5%8B%95%E3%81%AB%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AF%E8%88%88%E5%A5%AE%E3%81%97%E7%BF%BB%E5%BC%84%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F-KAWADE%E5%A4%A2%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%9D/dp/4309485413?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&qid=1614203657&s=books&sr=1-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b72cc1b67e8d4ebcf388d5608a65ac8c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4309485413&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4309485413" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>けれども <b>市民</b>を教育する前に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But before you can teach your own <b>townspeople</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>自分自身で</b>答えを見つける 必要があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">you need to figure it out <b>for yourself</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「自分がスタニス・クオ候補だったら どんな<b>戦略</b>を使うだろうか?」と </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What <b>strategies </b>would you employ if you were Stannis Quo? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>成功を導く<b>偽情報作戦</b>に 着手するためには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In order to launch a successful <b>disinformation campaign</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>迅速に広まり 混乱を生むような <b>感情に訴え</b> 説得力のある ― 情報を含まなければなりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">you must use <b>evocative</b>, and convincing content that will spread quickly and create confusion. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また <b>確証バイアス</b>を駆使することも 役に立つでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’ll also help to take advantage of <b>confirmation bias</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人は 自分の<b>世界観</b>を裏付ける情報を 本能的に信じる傾向が強いのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People are intuitively more inclined to believe information that supports <b>a worldview</b> they already have. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A0%E3%81%BE%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E2%80%95%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%92%E8%A6%8B%E5%88%86%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%82%92%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E2%80%9510%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E7%BE%85%E9%87%9D%E7%9B%A4-%E4%B8%89%E6%B5%A6-%E6%BA%96%E5%8F%B8/dp/4652202164?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&qid=1614203657&s=books&sr=1-11&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8125d33bc1ddc0f1c9cb2bee9bc4a3c0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4652202164&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4652202164" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>市に住む 多くの<b>若年有権者</b>は 再生可能エネルギーへの転換を支持し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Many </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">young voters</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> in your town are in favor of transitioning to renewable energy</span></p><p><br /></p><p>グリーン候補に<b>共感</b>しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>sympathize </b>with Greene. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>若年層の<b>考え</b>を変えようと 試みる代わりに </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Rather than trying to change their <b>minds</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>クオ候補は多分 <b>若年層の投票</b>を 妨げることに重点を置くでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Quo will likely focus on suppressing <b>the youth vote</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>みなさんがクオ候補だったら どう取り掛かりますか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If you were him, how would you start? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%81%A8%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%82%92%E4%BA%8B%E4%BE%8B%E3%81%AB-%E5%A4%96%E5%B7%9D-%E5%81%A5%E4%B8%80/dp/4562092092?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83+%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&qid=1614204167&s=books&sr=1-8&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=452aa305dc7b7259fe2b3957c55ec3ea&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4562092092&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4562092092" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>人気のソーシャルメディアの プラットフォームに<b>偽アカウント</b>を作成して 偽情報を拡散するのも一つの手でしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You might create <b>fake user accounts</b> to spread disinformation on popular social media platforms. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>信用ある人物</b>になりすましたアカウントを 作ることもできるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You could even make one that impersonates <b>a trusted figure</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>こうしたアカウントから 大いに<b>拡散しやすく</b> 引きつける内容― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">From these accounts, you can deliver highly <b>shareable</b>, engaging visual content, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>例えば <b>近々ある選挙</b>に関する 視覚的コンテンツを発信できます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">like memes relating <b>to the imminent election</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%90%E3%81%84%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%EF%BC%88%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%AE%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%89-%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A4%E6%9A%81-ebook/dp/B089LSNGP5?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99&qid=1614204359&s=books&sr=1-8&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=31199e214e39ce06ee5846bc83ef0a56&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B089LSNGP5&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B089LSNGP5" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>こうすれば <b>偽情報</b>を 拡散することができますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s how you would like to go about spreading <b>disinformation</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どんな内容の偽情報が グリーン候補を支持する 若年有権者を<b>操作する</b>のに有効でしょう?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but what kind of disinformation would be effective in <b>manipulating </b>young Greene supporters? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>まず 有権者にショートメール ウェブサイトやアプリなど </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">First, you could direct people to vote via text, a webpage, or an app, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>本当は認められていない手段による 投票に誘うのもいいでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">none of which are viable voting platforms in your town. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>決して<b>無理な</b>宣伝文句ではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The claim isn’t too<b> far-fetched</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>若者は 従来型の投票システムより <b>暗号化されたデジタル・プラットフォーム</b>を より安全と思うでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>An encrypted digital platform</b> could actually seem safer to young people than the traditional ballot system. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>投票日</b>を1日後にずらして 伝える手もあるかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Perhaps you could also tell them that <b>the voting day </b>is one day after it actually is. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BB%8A%E3%81%95%E3%82%89%E8%81%9E%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%EF%BC%81%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%81%8C%EF%BC%92%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E3%81%A7%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%AB%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8B-%E9%A6%AC%E5%B1%8B%E5%8E%9F-%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9A-ebook/dp/B07HQ58BLM?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99&qid=1614204359&s=books&sr=1-19&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=1abba0376865c7388b2bd4886bcc529c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07HQ58BLM&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07HQ58BLM" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これに併せ <b>感情に訴える方法</b>も 使えるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You could then pair this approach with a more <b>emotion-driven one</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>グリーン候補を<b>中傷</b>して 若年有権者の価値観に訴えてはどうでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">How about <b>vilifying </b>Greene and appealing to the young voters’ values? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>市民としての義務感</b>を 抱かせるような情報を流し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You want to share information that taps into people’s sense of <b>civic duty</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>出来るだけ広く拡散することに 選挙の勝敗がかかっていると思わせます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and makes them feel that the election depends on their sharing it as widely as possible. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>偽のアカウントから グリーン候補に関する <b>偽りの非難</b>を流布するのもいいでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Your fake accounts could circulate<b> false accusations</b> that Greene takes money from local, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地元の幾分<b>腐敗した</b>エネルギー再生施設から 金を受けとったとか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">somehow <b>corrupt </b>renewable energy facilities; </span></p><p><br /></p><p>スタッフの扱いが酷いとか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">treats her staff poorly; </span></p><p><br /></p><p>面白半分に<b>迷い猫</b>を虐待したといった噂です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or abuses <b>stray kittens</b> for fun. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このような炎上しそうな主張により グリーン候補について リーダーとしての<b>品位</b>が問われだし さらなる<b>陰謀論</b>さえ引き起こします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These inflammatory claims could lead people to question Greene’s <b>integrity </b>as a leader and even initiate further <b>conspiracy theories</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>こうした<b>偽情報作戦</b>を導入した後 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">After you’ve introduced these <b>disinformation campaigns</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それが<b>人々の頭</b>から離れなくするために 偽アカウントから偽情報を流し続けます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">your fake users should keep repeating them so they stick in <b>people’s minds</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9-%E6%96%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E6%88%A6%E7%95%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8-%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8-%E4%B8%80%E7%94%B0%E5%92%8C%E6%A8%B9-ebook/dp/B07K7YXCHQ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&qid=1614205029&s=books&sr=1-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c9c028a5c72e5b1ac19871f188af9184&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07K7YXCHQ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07K7YXCHQ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>挙げ句の果てには マスコミが偽情報をさらに広め<b> 正当なもの</b>と認識されるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Finally, media coverage would further spread your claims and give them perceived <b>legitimacy</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何人かの<b>地元の記者</b>に メッセージを送り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You could message a few<b> local journalists</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの<b>噂</b>の真偽を尋ね 懸念を伝えてもいいでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">asking whether these <b>rumors </b>are true and express your concerns. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>噂が<b>嘘だった</b>と証明する 記事が出る頃には </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By the time an article comes out <b>debunking </b>the rumors, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人々の真実への<b>認識</b>は 既に歪められてしまっており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">people’s <b>experiences </b>of the truth will have become so warped </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それを覆すのが<b>困難</b>になります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that convincing them otherwise will be <b>difficult</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E7%82%8E%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6-%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%BE%B0%E9%9B%84-ebook/dp/B08729BPFR?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%82%8E%E4%B8%8A&qid=1614205280&s=books&sr=1-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=9136467b362cf8ce6d8059f37dc39d72&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08729BPFR&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08729BPFR" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>このような偽情報作戦は 人々を<b>敵対</b>させ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A disinformation campaign like this would pit citizens <b>against </b>one another </span></p><p><br /></p><p>価値観や<b>恐怖心</b>につけ込みます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and exploit their values and <b>fears</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>個人の力で 有権者一人一人を<b> 偽情報</b>から守るのは不可能です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You can't personally protect each individual from <b>disinformation</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>けれども 自ら培った<b>洞察力</b>を 人々に伝授して </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but you can equip them with </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">the insights</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> you have— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それをさらに広めるように <b>促す</b>ことは可能です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>encourage </b>them to pass these tools further along. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>結局のところ 選挙では<b>地域の組織的な活動</b>が しばしば求められるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">After all, <b>community organizing </b>is what elections often call for. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%81%B8-%E7%84%A1%E9%A2%A8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%89%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E8%BF%BD%E3%81%86-%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%E5%8D%98%E8%A1%8C%E6%9C%AC-%E5%B8%B8%E4%BA%95-%E5%81%A5%E4%B8%80-ebook/dp/B08HPX11K3?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99&qid=1614205484&s=books&sr=1-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c5f30ceb37f21e8028791a10315fb96b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08HPX11K3&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08HPX11K3" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-18810614192251840592021-02-24T16:35:00.002+09:002021-02-24T16:35:23.914+09:00【TED-Ed】バナナの弱点<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/john_soluri_the_dark_history_of_bananas?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">バナナの暗い歴史</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The dark history of Bananas?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%82%92%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E6%9E%9C%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B0%E5%A5%87%E3%81%AA%E9%81%8B%E5%91%BD-%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB/dp/4778312961?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&qid=1614148332&sr=8-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=4521b9a507f02a04f66c16d1da4286a0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4778312961&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4778312961" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>1910年12月の夜 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">On a December night in 1910, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>国外に追放されていたホンジュラスの<b>元大統領</b>マヌエル・ボニーラは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the exiled <b>former leader</b> of Honduras, Manuel Bonilla, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ニューオーリンズで<b>借りた船</b>に乗り込み </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">boarded <b>a borrowed yacht</b> in New Orleans. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>重武装の共謀者</b>グループとともに </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">With a group of <b>heavily armed accomplices</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大統領の座を奪還すべく <b>ホンジュラス</b>に向けて出帆しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">he set sail for <b>Honduras</b> in hopes of reclaiming power </span></p><p><br /></p><p>権力奪還の<b>手段</b>は いといません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">by whatever <b>means</b> necessary. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%92%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE60%E7%AB%A0-%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-127-%E6%A1%9C%E4%BA%95-%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%9D%E5%AD%90/dp/4750339822?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9&qid=1614148932&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=bffbcee44f60ca94ddb5fbf2ad126699&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4750339822&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4750339822" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ボニーラには<b>強力な後ろ盾</b>がありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Bonilla had <b>a powerful backer</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>後に地域を支配する<b> 悪名高い組織</b>であり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the future leader of <b>a notorious organization</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その名を中南米アメリカにとどろかせる 「<b>エル・プルポ</b>」</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">known throughout Latin America as <b>El Pulpo</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>タコ</b>の意味で 隅々に届く影響力に由来します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or "<b>the Octopus</b>," for its long reach. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%BF%83%E8%BA%AB%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E9%A0%AD%E8%B6%B3%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%80%83%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90-%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9-ebook/dp/B07L3XH89H?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B3&qid=1614149141&s=books&sr=1-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=1288d9d8104ac046175591eeed41c310&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07L3XH89H&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07L3XH89H" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>その悪名高きエル・プルポは <b>米国企業</b>であり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The infamous El Pulpo was <b>a U.S. corporation </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>こともあろうにバナナを <b>密輸</b>していました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>trafficking </b>in, of all things, bananas. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>表向きには <b>ユナイテッド・フルーツ社</b>— </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It was officially known as <b>United Fruit Company</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在では<b>チキータ・ブランド</b>として 世界的に知られています</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or <b>Chiquita Brands</b> International today. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF-1960%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C-%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E5%BA%83%E5%91%8A-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0/dp/B08S43GJXV?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF+%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A&qid=1614149344&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=dd7ae8eb81e51f86dfccda414c4ff134&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08S43GJXV&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08S43GJXV" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>バナナは 数千年前に <b>東南アジア</b>で最初に栽培され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">First cultivated in <b>Southeast Asia</b> thousands of years ago, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>16世紀初頭</b>に 米州に持ち込まれました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">bananas reached the Americas in <b>the early 1500s</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>バナナは<b> アフリカ人奴隷</b>により 大農園で砂糖と一緒に栽培されました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where <b>enslaved Africans</b> cultivated them in plots alongside sugar plantations. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>当時は様々なバナナがあり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There were many different bananas, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのほとんどが 今<b>スーパー</b>で見られる バナナとは全く違うものでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">most of which looked nothing like the bananas in <b>supermarket</b> aisles today. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2-%E3%80%8C%E9%A3%9F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8-%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A-%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3-%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB/dp/4562053275?pd_rd_w=6rgtU&pf_rd_p=98aa37b9-be8c-4afb-83e7-b68aef3d17b4&pf_rd_r=CM1HGEQSKS8FYG8AC2Y1&pd_rd_r=fd24deb7-1055-463a-8d75-eb92e467a194&pd_rd_wg=66fIH&pd_rd_i=4562053275&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=87b1eacc872bf335ba75d94e566b4aa4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4562053275&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4562053275" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>19世紀</b>になると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In<b> the 1800s</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ニューオーリンズ</b>や <b>ニューイングランド</b>の船長が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">captains from <b>New Orleans</b> and <b>New England</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ココナッツなどを求めて <b>カリブ海</b>に出向きます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ventured to <b>the Caribbean</b> in search of coconuts and other goods. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのうちにバナナを<b>試す</b>ようになり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They began to <b>experiment</b> with bananas, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>グロスミッチェル</b>という品種を </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">purchasing one kind, called <b>Gros Michel</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ジャマイカやキューバ ホンジュラスの <b>アフリカ系カリブ人の農家</b>から買い始めます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">from <b>Afro-Caribbean farmers</b> in Jamaica, Cuba, and Honduras. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>グロスミッチェル種は <b>大きな束</b>で実がなり 皮が比較的厚いバナナで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Gros Michel bananas produced <b>large bunches</b> of relatively thick-skinned fruit— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>運搬</b>に理想的でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ideal for <b>shipping</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>19世紀末には </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By the end of the 1800s, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>バナナは米国で <b>大人気</b>の果物となっていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">bananas were <b>a hit</b> in the US. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>手ごろな価格</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They were <b>affordable</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>いつでも</b>手に入り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">available <b>year-round</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>医師</b>にも認められていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and endorsed by <b>medical doctors</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A-%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC-%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9FJAS%E8%AA%8D%E5%AE%9A-%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E7%94%A3-%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E7%94%A3/dp/B07K9CFBNS?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A&qid=1614149938&sr=8-29-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEzVUFBOEJCNEVBOUVKJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNTI4Mjk0RFk1Wk5CREw4UURXJmVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QVUyNkpDMDc2TTMzNiZ3aWRnZXROYW1lPXNwX210ZiZhY3Rpb249Y2xpY2tSZWRpcmVjdCZkb05vdExvZ0NsaWNrPXRydWU%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=95431573589e995450d71afc226cf45a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07K9CFBNS&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07K9CFBNS" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>バナナが<b>一大産業</b>となるにつれ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As bananas became <b>big business</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>米国のフルーツ商</b>も 自らバナナを栽培したいと考え始めます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>U.S. fruit companies</b> wanted to grow their own bananas. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>栽培地</b>を確保すべく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In order to secure access to <b>land</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>バナナ業界の大御所</b>は 中米の政府関係者への ロビー活動や贈賄に加え </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>banana moguls</b> lobbied and bribed government officials in Central America, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>クーデター</b>の資金供給さえも行い 味方の権力保持を助けました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and even funded <b>coups</b> to ensure they had allies in power. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ホンジュラスで マヌエル・ボニーラは エル・プルポに対し 土地使用権を<b>譲渡</b>して 大統領の座奪還の恩返しをしました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Honduras, Manuel Bonilla repaid the banana man who had financed his return to power with land <b>concessions</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1930年代には ユナイテッド・フルーツ1社が中米を<b>牛耳り</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By the 1930s, one company <b>dominated</b> the region: </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">United Fruit,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一時は グアテマラの<b>耕作可能地</b>の 40%以上を所有していたほどです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">who owned over 40% of Guatemala’s <b>arable land</b> at one point. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>同社はコスタリカ、コロンビア グアテマラ、ホンジュラス パナマの<b>熱帯雨林</b>を伐採して 大農園を開拓し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They cleared<b> rainforest</b> in Costa Rica, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> to build plantations,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>鉄道や港を設け<b> 労働者</b>用の町を作りました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">along with railroads, ports, and towns to house <b>workers</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>比較的<b>高めの給料</b>に引き寄せられ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Lured by relatively <b>high-paying</b> jobs, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大勢が<b>バナナ地帯</b>に集まりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">people migrated to <b>banana zones</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%94%98%E3%81%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E8%8B%A6%E3%81%84%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F-%E7%9F%B3%E4%BA%95-%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%90/dp/4861871670?pd_rd_w=By8ka&pf_rd_p=98aa37b9-be8c-4afb-83e7-b68aef3d17b4&pf_rd_r=WHHKQC6HAJN0EZB9ZN88&pd_rd_r=b6b510b4-70a7-4ea2-8757-b1449c18af0a&pd_rd_wg=gsOsk&pd_rd_i=4861871670&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8eea06d1f7e4bef72dcdca61bd5fe24b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4861871670&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4861871670" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>グアテマラからコロンビアまで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">From Guatemala to Colombia, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ユナイテッド・フルーツの大農園では <b>グロスミッチェル種</b>のみ 栽培されました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">United Fruit’s plantations grew exclusively <b>Gros Michel bananas</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>密集した大農園</b>では 種の多様性が乏しく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These <b>densely packed farms</b> had little biological diversity, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>まさに病気が<b>蔓延</b>しそうな状態でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making them ripe for disease <b>epidemics</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>無防備な農場</b>をつなぐインフラが 病気を急速に広めてしまいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The infrastructure connecting these <b>vulnerable farms</b> could quickly spread disease:</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>病原体</b>が ある農場から別の農場へと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>pathogens </b>could hitch a ride from one farm to another</span></p><p><br /></p><p>労働者の靴や 鉄道車両<b> 蒸気船</b>で持ち込まれます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> on workers’ boots, railroad cars, and <b>steamships</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88%E3%81%AB-%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%A7%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AB%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A1%E5%90%91%E3%81%8B%E3%81%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1-%E3%83%AD%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3/dp/4791770056?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&qid=1614148332&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a0a24d12fd64c75d5243dbb3c7864750&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4791770056&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4791770056" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>1910年代</b> これがまさに現実となります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s exactly what happened in <b>the 1910s</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>グロスミッチェルの大農園が <b>病原菌</b>により壊滅的な打撃を受けました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">when <b>a fungus</b> began to level Gros Michel banana plantations, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最初に<b>パナマ</b>で 後に<b>中米</b>全体で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">first in <b>Panama</b>, and later throughout <b>Central America</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>大きな利益</b>と安価なバナナをもたらしたのと 同じ仕組みによって 急速に蔓延しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">spreading quickly via the same system that had enabled <b>big profits</b> and cheap bananas. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一刻を争う「<b>パナマ病</b>」との闘いでは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In a race against “<b>Panama Disease</b>,” </span></p><p><br /></p><p>バナナ企業が <b>感染した大農園</b>を放棄します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">banana companies abandoned <b>infected plantations</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コスタリカやホンジュラス グアテマラで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何千人もの<b>農民</b>や労働者が 職を失いました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">leaving thousands of <b>farmers</b> and workers jobless. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その後 バナナ企業は 広大な領域の<b>熱帯雨林</b>を伐採し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The companies then felled extensive tracts of <b>rainforests</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>新たな大農園</b>を開拓しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">in order to establish <b>new plantations</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%A7%E3%81%A8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E-%E2%80%95%E9%A3%A2%E9%A4%93%E3%82%92%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%8D%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%A2%97%E7%94%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9/dp/453216981X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&qid=1614150930&sr=8-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c96359191a5a0a717e54dbd9ff5c0a8c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=453216981X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=453216981X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>第二次世界大戦</b>後 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">After <b>World War II</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>グアテマラとホンジュラスでは ユナイテッド・フルーツと手を組んだ<b>独裁政権</b>が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the dictatorships</b> with which United Fruit had partnered in Guatemala and Honduras</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>農地改革</b>を掲げ民主的に選出された政権に 敗れます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">yielded to democratically elected governments that called for <b>land reform</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>グアテマラ</b>では ハコボ・アルベンス大統領が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In <b>Guatemala</b>, President Jacobo Arbenz </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ユナイテッド・フルーツ</b>から土地を買い取り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">tried to buy back land from <b>United Fruit </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>土地のない農民</b>に再配分しようとしました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and redistribute it to <b>landless farmers</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E9%A3%9F%E6%96%99%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3-%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88-Erik-Millstone/dp/4621081209?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD+%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&qid=1614151248&sr=8-13&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=768fd1e9bae18e6d75b20ee6ea061dff&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4621081209&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4621081209" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>アルベンス政権は<b>納税記録</b>に基づいた 買い取り金額を提示しますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Arbenz government offered to pay a price based on <b>tax records</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ユナイテッド・フルーツは 地価を<b>過少報告</b>していました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where United Fruit had <b>underreported</b> the value of the land. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>エル・プルポ</b>は 反発します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>El Pulpo</b> was not happy. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アルベンス政権に対して <b>宣伝工作</b>を仕掛け </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The company launched <b>propaganda campaigns</b> against Arbenz </span></p><p><br /></p><p>深いつながりを持つ<b>米国政権</b>の関係者に 助けを求めます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and called on its deep connections in <b>the US Government</b> for help. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>共産主義</b>への恐れを引き合いに出し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Citing fears of <b>communism</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>CIA が政権<b>転覆</b>を企て 民主的に選出されたアルベンス政権は 1954年に崩壊しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the CIA orchestrated <b>the overthrow</b> of the democratically elected Arbenz in 1954.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>同年ホンジュラスのユナイテッド・フルーツで 数千人の<b>従業員</b>が</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That same year in Honduras, thousands of United Fruit <b>workers</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ストライキ</b>を決行します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">went on<b> strike</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>新たな労働組合</b>を同社が認めるまで ストライキは続きました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">until the company agreed to recognize <b>a new labor union</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AF%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E4%BD%95%E3%82%92%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA-ebook/dp/B0855W4JK3?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&qid=1614151147&sr=8-9&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=39119bab484a021262f398c5e6c1abac&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B0855W4JK3&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B0855W4JK3" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>パナマ病</b>から逃れるための 政治的費用と経済的費用が増大し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">With the political and economic costs of running from <b>Panama Disease</b> escalating,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>ユナイテッド・フルーツは ついに グロスミッチェルから パナマ病に強い<b>キャベンディッシュ</b>へと 1960年代初頭に切り替えました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">United Fruit finally switched from Gros Michel to Panama disease-resistant <b>Cavendish bananas</b> in the early 1960s. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在<b> 中米</b>において バナナは経済的に もはや重要ではなくなっています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Today, bananas are no longer as economically vital in <b>Central America</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ユナイテッド・フルーツは <b>チキータ</b>へと社名を変え </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and United Fruit Company, rechristened <b>Chiquita</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>中南米政治への<b>絶大な影響力</b>も 失いました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">has lost its <b>stranglehold</b> on Latin American politics. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%80%8C%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E8%8B%97%E6%9C%A8-1%E5%80%8B%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E3%80%8D%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%A8%E3%81%AE%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E5%8F%8E%E7%A9%AB%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E7%9F%AE%E6%80%A7%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE-%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%B6%E7%B5%90%E5%AE%9F%E6%80%A7%E3%81%A7%E8%8B%971%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%A7%E5%8F%8E%E7%A9%AB%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%80%82%E8%87%AA%E7%A4%BE%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%96%B0%E9%AE%AE%E5%87%BA%E8%8D%B7-%E3%80%90%E3%83%9D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%8B%97%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%BB%E3%81%BC%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E6%A4%8D%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD/dp/B07WRY3TH2?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A+%E7%97%85%E6%B0%97&qid=1614150546&sr=8-18&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=41fecf38b9fa03aeccfe184e7e19548c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07WRY3TH2&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07WRY3TH2" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし <b>現代のバナナ業界</b>にも 問題はあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But <b>the modern banana industry</b> isn’t without problems. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>キャベンディッシュには <b>農薬</b>を頻繁に散布する必要があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cavendish bananas require frequent applications of <b>pesticides </b></span></p><p><br /></p><p>農場労働者や生態系を <b>危険</b>にさらしています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that create <b>hazards </b>for farmworkers and ecosystems. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また グロスミッチェルを壊滅させた <b>特定の病原体</b>には強くても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And though they’re resistant to<b> the particular pathogen</b> that affected Gros Michel bananas, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>キャベンディッシュの農場でも <b>種の多様性</b>に欠けているため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cavendish farms also lack <b>biological diversity</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>バナナ取引は <b>新たなパナマ病蔓延</b>の 危機にさらされています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">leaving the banana trade ripe for <b>another pandemic</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88%E3%81%AB%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%A7%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%AB%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A1%E5%90%91%E3%81%8B%E3%81%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1-%E3%83%AD%E3%83%96-%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3-ebook/dp/B077CZVM4Z?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1614148332&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=197da0ee811f12913f308f91e2e0bdf3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B077CZVM4Z&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B077CZVM4Z" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-71189443256671407952021-02-24T10:58:00.004+09:002021-02-24T10:58:40.857+09:00【TED-Ed】象のオシッコ、パンダのおしっこ<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/david_l_hu_do_larger_animals_take_longer_to_pee?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">大きな動物はオシッコに時間がかかる?</b></p><p><b style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Do Larger Animals take longer to Pee?</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%80%E3%81%BE%E3%81%98%E3%82%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80-%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E3%81%AE%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8C%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%97%E3%81%A7%E6%95%99%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%AA%B2%E9%A1%8C%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8D-%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90-%E5%A4%A7%E8%BC%94/dp/4586085851?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3&qid=1614129223&sr=8-17&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7ee5ebe8ff02f68a695fde50adc5834b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4586085851&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4586085851" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>猫の<b>膀胱</b>は <b>ゴルフボール</b>1個分の 尿しかためられません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A cat’s <b>bladder</b> can only store <b>a golf ball</b>’s worth of urine. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人間の場合は<b>マグカップ</b>1個分で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For humans, it’s <b>a coffee mug</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ゾウは<b>台所のゴミ箱</b>1個分の量です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and for elephants, <b>a kitchen trash can</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ゾウの膀胱は 猫の<b>400倍</b>の大きさですが</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">An elephant’s bladder is <b>400 times</b> the size of a cat’s, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ゾウの放尿は猫の <b>400倍</b>もの時間はかかりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but it doesn’t take an elephant <b>400 times</b> longer to pee. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>では どのような仕組みなのでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, how does this work? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8A%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE-Boutique-books-%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C/dp/4834790355?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3&qid=1614129223&sr=8-25&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=429b651112c8f4e051b8560812e0bd72&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4834790355&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4834790355" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>科学者がいう「<b>もう一つの黄金律</b>」に その答えがあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The answer lies in what scientists call the “<b>Other Golden Rule</b>.” </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは老廃物を黄色い液体として 排尿する<b>ほ乳類</b>に当てはまります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It applies to <b>mammals</b>, which pee out some of their wastes in a yellowy liquid. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>他の種類(綱)の動物は別の器官や方法で <b>老廃物</b>を排泄します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Other classes of animals use different systems and methods to excrete <b>waste</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この黄金律は身体の大きさによって <b>泌尿器</b>と圧力がどうに変化するかを示し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Rule describes how <b>urinary organs</b> and forces change with body size, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くのほ乳類が同じように <b>素早く排尿</b>できると理論立てています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">enabling a range of mammals to achieve similarly <b>rapid relief</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%81%8A%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E3%81%97%E3%83%BC%E3%81%97%E3%83%BC-%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93%E7%89%88-%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B33-%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%8B-%E5%B9%B8%E5%AD%90/dp/4031280300?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3&qid=1614129223&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a703886e4395f7fa59aeed4a84ef43c9&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4031280300&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4031280300" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>排尿の速度</b>に関係する主な要因は ― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are two main factors contributing to <b>urination speed</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>膀胱内圧</b>と<b>重力</b>の2つです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>bladder pressure</b> and <b>gravity</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>膀胱内圧</b>は<b>尿</b>を絞り出す際に 筋肉を収縮させることで上昇します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Bladder pressure</b> is created when mammals contract their muscles to squeeze <b>urine</b> out. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この圧力は単位面積あたりにかかる <b>筋肉の力</b>に相当しますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This pressure is equal to the applied <b>muscular force</b> per unit area but, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>筋肉の力と面積は比例して変化するため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">since these factors scale proportionally, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>膀胱内圧</b>は実際には 体の大きさによってあまり変化しません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>bladder pressure</b> doesn’t actually change much depending on body size. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方 <b>重力</b>による影響は 種によって異なります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Meanwhile, the effects of <b>gravity</b> do vary across species. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/AJWOW-%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%8B%E8%85%BA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB3%E5%9B%9E%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%89%E8%BA%AB%E5%A4%A7%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6Urogenitalanatomie%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E5%99%A8%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB20-15-19%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB/dp/B08B1JW9LQ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1+%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&qid=1614130097&sr=8-31&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=fc1ee181de7caa2df936a337d545e54f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08B1JW9LQ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08B1JW9LQ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほ乳類には<b>尿道</b>と呼ばれる パイプ状の器官があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mammals have a pipe-like organ called <b>the urethra</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>尿を<b>高いところ</b>から低いところへ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that transports urine from <b>a higher elevation</b> to a lower one— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>具体的には</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">specifically, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>膀胱</b>から尿が出るところまで 運ぶ役割を果たしています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">from <b>the bladder</b> down to where urine exits the body. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>尿道は このような仕組みによって 「<b>トリチェリの法則(定理)</b>」を利用しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In doing so, the urethra harnesses the power of <b>Torricelli’s Law</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>流量</b>は容器の高さに伴って 増加するという定理です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which states that <b>flow rate</b> increases with container height. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>同じ量の液体を入れた <b>2つの容器</b>を例にあげましょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Take these <b>two containers</b> holding the same volume of liquid. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>底</b>に同じ穴を開けた場合 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When identically punctured at <b>the bottom</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>縦にした容器</b>の方が ほぼ2倍も速く排出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the vertical container</b> drains nearly twice as fast. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これはより<b>高低差</b>のあるところから 水が流れ落ちているからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This is because the water’s falling from a greater <b>elevation difference</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>尿</b>を高いところから低いところに運ぶことで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By transporting <b>urine</b> from high to low, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>尿道</b>にも似たような効果が得られます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the urethra</b> has a similar effect. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>尿道はおそらく完全には<b>垂直</b>ではないので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The urethra is probably not perfectly <b>vertical</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その長さだけでは <b>尿</b>が流れる高低差はわかりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">so its length doesn’t tell us exactly how far<b> the urine</b> falls. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし おおよその<b>目安</b>にはなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, it’s a good <b>approximation</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>尿道の<b>直径</b>も流量に影響を与えます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The urethra’s <b>diameter </b>also affects flow rate. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>縦型の容器の<b>出口の穴</b>の直径が大きいと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When that vertical container’s <b>exit hole</b> has a larger diameter, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>水はさらに速く排出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the water drains out even faster. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/FMOGE-%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB-%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%BF%E7%AE%A1-%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%BF%E9%81%93%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB-%E3%81%AE%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/dp/B08FFG32Q6?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B0%BF%E9%81%93+%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&qid=1614130659&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=bf4c471921757a714751a971a88e9c3e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08FFG32Q6&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08FFG32Q6" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>尿道</b>の長さや直径は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The length and diameter of an animal’s <b>urethra</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>動物の種や <b>ペニス</b>か<b>膣</b>かによって異なります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">varies depending on its species and whether it has <b>a penis</b> or <b>vagina</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>例えば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For example, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>メスのゾウの尿道の長さは <b>1メートル</b> 直径は<b>35ミリ</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a female elephant has <b>a meter-long</b> urethra with <b>a thirty-five millimeter</b> diameter. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>膣がある人間は 尿道の長さが<b>20倍</b>以上短く <b>5倍</b>以上 細くなっています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A person with a vagina has a urethra that is more than <b>20 times</b> shorter and <b>5 times</b> thinner. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ゾウ</b>の尿道はより長くて太いため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The elephant</b>’s longer, wider urethra is </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人間と同じくらいの時間で <b>排尿</b>することができます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">what allows it to <b>urinate</b> for a comparable amount of time as a human. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>仮にゾウが <b>猫</b>の尿道をもっていたら ― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Indeed, if an elephant had the urethra of <b>a housecat</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>膀胱から排尿するのに<b>2時間</b>ほど かかるかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it might take it about <b>2 hours </b>to drain its bladder. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/3B-Scientific-K41-%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%8B%E8%85%BA%EF%BC%8C1-2%E5%80%8D%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB/dp/B005DTIHHG?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B0%BF%E9%81%93+%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&qid=1614130659&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=0aa2e390e336afe6af5fb7ec328b32c8&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B005DTIHHG&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B005DTIHHG" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>「<b>もう一つの黄金律</b>」 という仮説が立てられるのは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s hypothesized that</span><b style="color: #2b00fe;"> the Other Golden Rule</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> is </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オシッコを早くすることで <b>捕食者</b>に対する脆弱性を減らし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">conserved because quicker pees may both reduce vulnerability to <b>predators</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また 病気の原因となる<b>病原体</b>を 排出すると考えられるからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and flush out disease-causing <b>pathogens</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし この黄金律には<b>限界</b>があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But the Rule has <b>limitations</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>水生ではないほ乳類</b>にしか 適用されないことが示されています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s only been shown to apply to <b>non-aquatic mammals</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また 黄金律は<b>3キログラム以下</b>の ほ乳類には適用されません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And the Rule doesn’t apply to mammals <b>under three kilograms</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このようなほ乳類は実際には 連続的ではなく <b>水滴</b>のようなオシッコをします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They actually pee in <b>droplets</b>, not continuous streams, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>表面張力</b>によって 噴出物の尿を分けるからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">because <b>surface tension</b> breaks up their tiny jets of urine. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B3%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80-%E7%8C%AB%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%BB%E5%B9%BC%E7%8C%AB%E4%BD%93%E9%A8%93%E3%83%BB%E5%B0%BF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2-%E3%83%99%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88/dp/4806714828?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9+%E5%B0%BF&qid=1614131336&rnid=2321267051&s=books&sr=1-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8d4ce16cf89b0542a95d85cc38c0b808&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4806714828&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4806714828" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>3キログラム以上の <b>水生ではないほ乳類</b>でも </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Even within <b>non-aquatic mammals</b> above three kilograms, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>さまざまな行動</b>が 「もう一つの黄金律」を乱します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>different behaviors</b> disrupt the Other Golden Rule. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オスの<b>犬</b>は常に膀胱を 完全に空にしているわけではなく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Male <b>dogs</b> don’t always fully empty their bladders </span></p><p><br /></p><p>代わりに 尿を短く出して <b>縄張り</b>を主張します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and will instead tinkle in short spurts to mark their <b>territory</b>. </span></p><p><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%A7%E3%81%BF%E3%82%8B%E7%8A%AC%E5%AD%A6-KS%E8%BE%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E6%9B%B8-%E6%9E%97-%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%9A/dp/4061555014?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%8A%AC%E5%AD%A6&qid=1614131513&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3fcbd694abd553e691a592aae8e68010&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4061555014&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4061555014" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>オスのパンダは時々<b>逆立ち</b>で尿をして </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Male pandas sometimes pee in <b>handstands</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>木のより高いところの<b>樹皮</b>にマーキングし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">marking <b>bark</b> higher up on trees </span></p><p><br /></p><p>つがいになる可能性のある パンダに自分の<b>匂い</b>を伝えます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">in order to broadcast their <b>scent</b> to potential mates. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>尿は重力に逆らう必要があるので <b>逆立ちでの尿</b>は時間がかかります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Handstand pees</b> take longer because urine must work against gravity. </span></p><p><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%A5%9E%E6%88%B8%E5%B8%82%E7%AB%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80-%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3/dp/4894327961?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80&qid=1614131676&s=books&sr=1-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=faad0db7415fca08140ced1f3140ec9c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4894327961&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4894327961" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>水中での尿</b>も時間がかかります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Underwater pees</b> are also lengthier </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>外部からの水圧</b>と高低差による 内側の圧力を打ち消すからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">because <b>the external water pressure</b> counteracts the internal forces resulting from elevation difference. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それが<b>消火栓</b>の勢いがあろうとも <b>水鉄砲</b>ほどの勢いしかなくても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Whether it’s with the intensity of <b>a fire hydrant</b> or <b>a squirt gun</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この仕組みにより 私たちの尿は<b> 外の世界</b>へ素早く排泄されるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">this system swiftly delivers our urine to<b> the outside world</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC-%E2%80%95-%E9%A0%BB%E5%B0%BF%E3%83%BB%E5%B0%BF%E3%82%82%E3%82%8C%E3%83%BB%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%B1%E7%A6%81%E2%80%A6-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%B3%E5%8E%9F-%E7%AF%80%E5%AD%90/dp/4380140016?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B0%BF&qid=1614131853&s=books&sr=1-30&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8e7f0a5c1ac0bc65c8822822d309808e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4380140016&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4380140016" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-41463222767967839192021-02-23T10:49:00.002+09:002021-02-23T10:49:12.153+09:00【TED-Ed】知っておくべき「ステロイド剤」<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/anees_bahji_how_do_steroids_affect_your_muscles_and_the_rest_of_your_body?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">ステロイドは筋肉にどんな影響を与えますか?</b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">How do steroids affect your muscles and the rest of your body?</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><br /></b></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/ANABOLIC-STEROID%E2%80%95WHAT-%E5%90%89%E8%A6%8B-%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%8E/dp/4884581431?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89+%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89&qid=1614041673&s=books&sr=1-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=16051c1e31f3675f4898a8337fe0993d&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4884581431&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4884581431" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>それは<b>世界規模のスキャンダル</b>を 引き起こしました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They’ve caused <b>global scandals</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどの競技会で <b>使用禁止</b>されています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They’re <b>banned</b> in most athletic competitions. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ステロイド</b>の使用は実際に (健康に)よくないのでしょうか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But are <b>steroids</b> actually bad for you? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%80%90Amazon-co-jp-%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%91%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF-Biophilia%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A30%E5%88%86%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8/dp/4904419804?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&qid=1614041940&s=books&sr=1-21&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e1b08f4ccbd62d4d0c3cd8f5230e7a8e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4904419804&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4904419804" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>「ステロイド」という用語は ある類似の<b>分子構造</b>を共有する 広いカテゴリーに属する分子を示し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The term “steroids” refers to a broad category of molecules that share a similar <b>molecular structure</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>様々な<b>働き</b>があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but have many different <b>functions</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人々は<b>スポーツ</b>の分野において ステロイドを述べるとき </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When people talk about steroids in the context of <b>sports</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>テストステロン</b>(男性ホルモン)に類似した 一部のステロイドを示しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they’re referring to a subset of steroids that resemble <b>testosterone</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>エリート選手やボディビルダーは<b>1950年代</b>に これらのステロイドを使用し始めましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Though elite athletes and bodybuilders began using these steroids in <b>the 1950s</b>,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在 ステロイドの使用者のほとんどは <b>競技スポーツ選手</b>ではなく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">today, most steroid users are actually not <b>competitive athletes</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>特定の容姿</b>を追求している 人たちなのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but people seeking <b>a particular appearance</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3STYLE%EF%BC%81-%E6%BF%83%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8B%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%92%E6%AF%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E7%94%B7%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%94%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E3%82%92%E6%9A%B4%E9%9C%B2%E2%80%A6-LowSow-ebook/dp/B072Y82HNL?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3&qid=1614042157&s=books&sr=1-20&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=640904d08002456665a3f6860d039219&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B072Y82HNL&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B072Y82HNL" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これらステロイドは 主に2つの<b>作用</b>があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These steroids have two main <b>effects</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>男性化作用</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>androgenic</b>, or <b>masculinizing</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>または <b>同化</b> あるいは<b>成長促進</b>という作用です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>anabolic</b>, or <b>growth-promoting</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの作用は生体物資である <b>テストステロン</b>の作用と似ています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These effects mimic naturally-occurring <b>testosterone</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは男性の<b>第二次性徴</b>の発現と維持 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which drives the development and maintenance of male </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">secondary sex characteristics</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>または<b>一般的な成長</b>を促しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>general growth</b> in everyone. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>つまりテストステロンと その構造を基にした<b>合成ステロイド</b>が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That means testosterone and <b>the synthetic steroids</b> based on it </span></p><p><br /></p><p>体と顔の毛の成長 <b>声帯</b>の肥大を促し 声が低くなり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">promote body and facial hair growth, enlargement of <b>the vocal cords</b> and deepening of the voice, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>筋肉の<b>量</b>と<b>強度</b>を高め </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">increased muscle <b>mass</b> and <b>strength</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>身長の伸びと<b>骨の質量</b>の増加を 促進します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and increased stature and <b>bone mass</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E6%80%A7-%E3%80%8D-%E6%9F%93%E7%9F%A2%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E9%A6%99/dp/4772612335?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&qid=1614042763&s=books&sr=1-15&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2f4ddd79197bcae643fe61d681139fa3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4772612335&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4772612335" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span><b>嗜好目的にステロイドを使用する人</b>は 同化や成長促進効果を求めて摂取します </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Recreational steroid users</b> are after the anabolic, growth promoting effects. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>筋肉を成長させるため </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To make muscles grow, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ステロイドはまず <b>タンパク質の合成</b>を促進します </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">steroids first promote <b>protein synthesis</b>— </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>タンパク質は全細胞 組織 および筋肉を含む臓器に<b>かかせない栄養素</b>です </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">proteins are <b>essential building blocks</b> of all cells, tissues, and organs, including muscles. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ステロイドはまた <b>コルチゾール</b>を阻害します </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Steroids also block <b>cortisol</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>コルチゾールは タンパク質を含む物質分解の引き金となる <b>シグナル分子</b>です </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>a signaling molecule</b> that drives the breakdown of substances including proteins.</span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>最後にステロイドは脂肪ではなく <b>筋肉の発達</b>を促進し </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Finally, they may push<b> the development of muscle</b>, rather than fat, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>代謝を高め <b>脂肪沈着</b>を減らします </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and boost our metabolism, shrinking <b>fat deposits</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%B6%85-%E7%AD%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%81%8C%E6%9C%80%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B-%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E3%81%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E3%82%92%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E8%B6%85%E3%83%BB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1-Testosterone/dp/4866510587?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%9C%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB&qid=1614043055&s=books&sr=1-11&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cdd3e746ea7c07c2874618795f994613&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4866510587&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4866510587" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>ステロイドの持つこれらの特性は 様々な病気や怪我の<b>治療に有益</b>なものです </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These properties make steroids <b>valuable for</b> <b>treating</b> many illnesses and injuries.</span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>エイズや ある種のがんのような <b>消耗性疾患</b>の人を助けたり </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They can help people with <b>wasting illnesses</b>, like AIDS and certain cancers, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>筋肉量</b>を維持して </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">maintain <b>muscle mass</b> </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>火傷患者</b>の失われた 筋肉組織を回復しやすくします </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and help <b>burn victims</b> recover lost muscle tissue. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E7%9F%A5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B-%E2%80%95%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%81%A7%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A-%E5%A2%97%E8%A3%9C%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E7%89%88-%E8%B0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%81%93%E5%93%89/dp/4904613538?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89&qid=1614043281&s=books&sr=1-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEzNFUxTlExQ1RSUEJPJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNDkzMDQxMzJWN1JIUElaSFdMTCZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUEzQlJNWllDSjBGNlFQJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfYXRmJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6a28a830473b5b51b1d98ad49ee6c666&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4904613538&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4904613538" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>ステロイドが<b>薬</b>として 使われるのであれば </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So if steroids are used as <b>medicine</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>嗜好的な使用でも <b>安全</b>なものに違いありませんよね </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they must be <b>safe</b> to use recreationally, right? </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>まあ そんな単純な話ではありません </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Well, it’s not that simple. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>望ましい<b>筋肉の成長</b>を促すには </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To create the desired <b>muscle growth</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>嗜好的なステロイド使用</b>では 医療のために処方されるよりも 一般的には百倍以上を 摂取する必要があります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>recreational steroid users</b> must typically take doses orders of magnitude higher than those prescribed for a medical condition. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>長期におよぶ<b>高用量ステロイド</b>の使用は 望ましくないうえに </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Long term, <b>high dose steroid</b> usage can have both undesirable </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>はっきりとした<b>有害作用</b>を引き起こします </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and outright<b> harmful effects</b>— </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>その作用は 年齢 性別 基礎的な<b>健康状態</b>などによります</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">some of them dependent on factors like age, sex, and underlying <b>health conditions</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/BULKEY-%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC-HMB90000mg-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%83%B360000mg-POWERBOOST/dp/B07WQ29YPJ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E5%A2%97%E5%BC%B7%E5%89%A4&qid=1614043561&s=books&sr=1-1-catcorr&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=5875dde1887a41ae6fbc0949f9be6362&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07WQ29YPJ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07WQ29YPJ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>危険因子</b>をすべて 把握はしていませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We’re not sure what all <b>the risk factors</b> are, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>嗜好目的のステロイド使用は 特に<b>思春期</b>では危険です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but we do know recreational steroid use is particularly risky for <b>adolescents</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>思春期のステロイド使用は 成長が終わる前の<b>骨の成熟</b>を促して </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">During puberty, steroid use can prompt </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">bones to mature</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> before they’re done growing, </span></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>成長の欠陥</b>を引き起こします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">causing <b>growth defects</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>思春期の若者はまた ステロイドの使用により <b>精神に悪影響</b>を及ぼされ それが 最大のリスクとなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Adolescents are also most at risk for <b>the harmful psychiatric effects</b> of steroid use.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>最も一般的な作用でみられるのは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The most common of these, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>衝動性</b>と<b>攻撃性</b>の高まりで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">increased <b>impulsivity</b> and increased <b>aggression</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「(ste)<b>roidの怒り</b>」として よく知られています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">are well-known as “<b>roid rage</b>.” </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>60%</b>に及ぶ利用者が この作用を経験します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Up to <b>60%</b> of users experience these effects. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それより低い頻度ですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But there are also less common, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>躁状態</b>や<b>精神障害</b>など さらに精神に悪影響の強い副作用もあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">more damaging psychiatric side effects like <b>mania</b> and even <b>psychosis</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%80%9D%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E5%BF%83%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A0%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3/dp/438516245X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%80%9D%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F&qid=1614043728&s=books&sr=1-22&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=60618cf93deb277971086aa284c565ca&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=438516245X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=438516245X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ステロイドの使用は肝臓や腎臓を含む <b>臓器</b>を損傷し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Steroid use can damage <b>organs</b> including the liver and kidneys, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>高血圧のような<b>心血管系の問題</b>を 引き起こす可能性があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and cause <b>cardiovascular problems</b> like high blood pressure. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの効果は<b>可逆的</b>な 場合もありますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">While some or all of those effects may be <b>reversible</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ステロイドの使用は 特に男性に <b>肝臓がん</b>を引き起こすこともあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">steroid use can also cause <b>liver cancer</b>, especially in males. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E5%8C%BB%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%82%84%E3%81%99%E3%81%8F%E6%95%99%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E8%82%9D%E8%87%93%E7%97%85%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E7%9C%9F%E3%81%A3%E5%85%88%E3%81%AB%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80%E6%9C%AC-%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%85%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B-%E8%82%9D%E8%87%93%E3%81%AB%E3%82%84%E3%81%95%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%94%E4%BB%98-%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A3-%E5%85%89%E5%BD%A6/dp/4774516481?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%93%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93&qid=1614044123&s=books&sr=1-6&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f5e9c63d7dd55073ea52ca328d15434d&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4774516481&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4774516481" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>嗜好目的の利用者は<b>同化作用</b>を目的に ステロイドを摂取しますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Though recreational users take steroids for their <b>anabolic effects</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しばしば 望ましくない <b>男性化作用</b>を伴います </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they also experience <b>androgenic effects</b>— often undesired. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>増加した体毛<b> クリトリスの肥大</b> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That can mean increased body hair, <b>enlargement</b> <b>of the clitoris</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして 女性における永続的な <b>声の低音化</b>を含みます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and permanent <b>voice deepening</b> in females. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>同時に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">At the same time, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>過剰なテストステロン類似の ステロイドは 体内でエストロゲンに転換されて 男性の<b>女性化</b>の原因となります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">excess testosterone-like steroids can cause <b>feminization</b> in males, because the body converts the excess into estrogen. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それは <b>乳房の発達</b>や <b>睾丸の萎縮</b>の原因となることもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This can lead to <b>breast development</b> and<b> shrinking testicles</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この作用は珍しいことではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These effects are not uncommon— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>約 <b>1/3</b>の男性のステロイド使用者が ある程度 経験します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">about <b>a third</b> of male steroid users experience them to some degree. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>過剰なステロイドの使用は 男性と女性の<b>生殖能力</b>を減らすこともあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Excess steroid use can also reduce <b>fertility</b> in males and females— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>精液中の<b>精子</b>数が減ったり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">by reducing <b>the sperm</b> in semen</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>無月経</b>になったり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or by causing <b>missed periods</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>多嚢胞性卵巣症候群</b>のような 病気を引き起こすこともあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and conditions like <b>polycystic ovary syndrome</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの作用は<b>ステロイドの使用停止</b>により 可逆的な場合と </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">All these effects may be reversible if <b>steroid use stops</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そうでない場合とがあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but they may not be. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ステロイドの種類 使用期間 および他の要因が<b>可逆性</b>に影響します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The specific steroid, the duration of use, and other factors could play a role in <b>reversibility</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E7%A7%81%E3%81%8C%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7-%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC/dp/462032597X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC&qid=1614044384&s=books&sr=1-8&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a8d1b438c2571659239d1c75b36300ff&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=462032597X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=462032597X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>最後に 使用者は<b>ステロイド依存症</b>に 陥りがちだという証拠が増えています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Finally, there’s mounting evidence that users are susceptible to <b>steroid dependence</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>ステロイドに<b>耐性</b>を生じ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They can develop </span><b style="color: #2b00fe;">tolerance</b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>時間と共に <b>用量</b>が増ることがあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and require increasingly large <b>doses</b> over time. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そうなると<b>有害な症状</b>が出る リスクが高まり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This increases the risk of <b>harmful effects</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>高用量</b>を長く摂取することで 危険性がより高まります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">all of which are increasingly common at<b> higher doses</b> taken for longer durations.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>使用量の差により どれ程の頻度で症状が出るのか どれ程 副作用が可逆的なのか<b> 決定的情報</b>はまだ得られてはいません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Still, there remains little <b>definitive information</b> on how common and how reversible almost any of the harms are at different levels of use. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>嗜好的ステロイド使用は <b>無害</b>だと断言するための 安全使用量やリスク要因について 十分には分かっていないのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We don’t know enough, about either risk factors or exposure levels, to definitively say any recreational steroid use will be <b>harm-free</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Newton%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A%E3%80%8E%E7%AD%8B%E8%82%89%E3%81%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98-%E5%A2%97%E8%A3%9C%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88%E3%80%8F-%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A/dp/4315522015?pd_rd_w=SwVLX&pf_rd_p=98aa37b9-be8c-4afb-83e7-b68aef3d17b4&pf_rd_r=1H4TBD8J25M3V8V0YX1X&pd_rd_r=5fbe52a8-9c24-4993-b8a0-f286d0e372b3&pd_rd_wg=2NfRK&pd_rd_i=4315522015&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=01bf1cafaaa38718bbccaab5d7d04939&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4315522015&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4315522015" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-6497535994990917752021-02-22T16:35:00.002+09:002021-02-22T16:35:31.700+09:00【TED-Ed】理想のマイバッグとは?<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/luka_seamus_wright_and_imogen_ellen_napper_which_bag_should_you_use?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">from: TED-Ed</a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">どの買いもの袋を使うべきか?</b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Which Bag should you use?</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B01K1TQM9C?_encoding=UTF8&th=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c40897edb715bcd7f0cad7041e80efc4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01K1TQM9C&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01K1TQM9C" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>スーパーで ショッピングカートを一杯にして <b>会計の列</b>の先頭に来ると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">You’ve filled up your cart and made it to the front of <b>the grocery line</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ある選択</b>をしなければなりません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">when you’re confronted with yet <b>another choice</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>「<b>どの素材の買い物袋</b>を使うべきか?」 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>what kind of bag</b> should you use?</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ポリ袋</b>が海に漂うさまを見たことがある人なら </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If you’ve seen the images of <b>plastic bags </b>strewn across the ocean, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>プラスチックは 明らかに<b>環境</b>に悪いと思うでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it might seem obvious that plastic is bad for <b>the environment</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>当然 <b>紙袋</b>や<b>布バッグ</b>の方が良い選択でしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Surely <b>a paper bag</b> or <b>a cotton tote</b> would be the better option. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>でも <b>本当</b>でしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But is that really <b>true</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E3%81%86%E3%81%BF-%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89-ebook/dp/B0899XZVTR?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E8%A2%8B+%E6%B5%B7&qid=1613975241&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a77dfedfaa07e36931dda230eae5adb0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B0899XZVTR&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B0899XZVTR" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>どの素材も それぞれの理由で 環境に<b>影響</b>を及ぼします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Each of these three materials has a unique environmental <b>impact</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この影響は <b>カーボン・フットプリント</b>で判断します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that’s determined by its <b>carbon footprint</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは 素材の<b>再利用性</b>や<b>リサイクル性</b> 、<b>生分解性</b>を(CO2の排出量で)表す数値です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">its potential to be <b>reused</b> and <b>recycled</b>, and its <b>degradability</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この3種類の<b>買い物袋</b>について よく理解するためには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, to get the full story on these <b>grocery bags</b> </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それぞれの素材の製造方法や 使用方法、使用後の行方を 見ていく必要があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we need to look at how they’re made, how they’re used, and where they ultimately go. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E2%80%95LCA%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1%E6%89%8B%E6%B3%95%E3%81%A7%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B%E3%80%81%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81%E5%88%A5%E3%80%8CCO2%E6%8E%92%E5%87%BA%E9%87%8F%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E5%8C%96%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BF-%E7%A8%B2%E8%91%89-%E6%95%A6/dp/4769371705?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88&qid=1613975457&s=books&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f7e2c350353a1c9c1a61c1475d530e15&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4769371705&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4769371705" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>まずは<b>ポリ袋</b>を見ていきましょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Let’s start with <b>plastic</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>典型的な 薄くてペラペラなポリ袋は <b>高密度ポリエチレン樹脂</b>— 通称<b>HDPE</b>で作られています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The typical thin and flimsy plastic bag is made of <b>high-density polyethylene</b>, commonly known as <b>HDPE</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>HDPEの製造には 地中からの<b>石油抽出</b>と <b>高温</b>での処理が伴います </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Producing this material requires <b>extracting petroleum</b> from the ground and applying <b>extreme heat</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>完成した<b>ポリマー樹脂</b>は 酸化チタンや胡粉などの他の原料と同様に<b> ポリ袋製造工場</b>に輸送されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The resulting <b>polymer resin</b> is then transported alongside additional ingredients like titanium oxide and chalk to <b>a bag manufacturing plant</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>工場では 石炭を燃料とする機械を使って 原料を溶解し <b>シート状</b>に引き伸ばし </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Here, coal powered machines melt the materials down and spin them into <b>sheets of plastic</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>折り目</b>をつけて袋状にします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which are then <b>folded</b> into bags. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ポリ袋が<b>最終目的地</b>に届く頃には </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">By the time a bag reaches its <b>final destination</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大気中に約<b>1.6kg</b>のCO2が排出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it’s contributed an estimated <b>1.6 kg</b> of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは 1台の自動車を<b>6km</b>強走らせた際と 同等のCO2排出量です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s the same amount of carbon a car produces, driving a little over <b>6 kilometers</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%84%B1%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%91%E6%88%A6-%E6%8C%81%E7%B6%9A%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E3%81%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%A8%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81-%E5%A0%85%E9%81%94-%E4%BA%AC%E5%AD%90-ebook/dp/B083K789HR?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1613976007&sr=1-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d92aa3f29d5fa0e681aa2a3677dcdb7d&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B083K789HR&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B083K789HR" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>ところが <b>他の素材</b>の場合 カーボン・フットプリントがかなり増えます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But <b>the alternatives</b> actually possess a much larger carbon footprint. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>紙は<b>木材パルプ</b>から作られており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Paper is made from <b>wood pulp</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>生態系の一部をなす木を伐採する際にかかる <b>カーボン・コスト</b>も勘定に入れると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and when you account for <b>the carbon cost</b> of removing trees from their ecosystems,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>紙袋1枚につき約<b>5.5kg</b>の CO2の排出原因となります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a single paper bag can be responsible for about <b>5.5 kg </b>of carbon dioxide.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方 <b>綿花</b>の栽培には 莫大な量のエネルギーと水を要します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Meanwhile, growing <b>cotton</b> is an extremely energy and water intensive process.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>布バッグ</b>を1枚製造するのに 約<b>272kg</b>のCO2が排出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The production of a single <b>cotton tote</b> emits an estimated <b>272 kg</b> of carbon dioxide. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC-CAMPFREE-%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0-%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0-I-%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%88%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%EF%BC%89/dp/B08NC778BY?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%2B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3&qid=1613977721&sr=8-2-spons&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEzQkQ1UjBLWE5DUTk5JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUExMDM1NDMyMlRCMlVJRzhUSlZLQyZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUEzUExZNEZQUVZGMlNBJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfYXRmJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ&th=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=6297742b1e9d20647eef8342174ca6e4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08NC778BY&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08NC778BY" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>カーボン・フットプリント</b>の比較では </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When we compare <b>carbon footprints</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>明白に<b>ポリ袋</b>に軍配が上がります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>plastic bags</b> are the clear winner. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>けれども <b>環境への影響</b>は 買い物袋の使い方にも左右されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But <b>environmental impact</b> is also determined by how the bag is used. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>買い物袋を<b>再利用</b>または<b>リサイクル</b>すれば 環境負荷を大幅に相殺できます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Reusing</b> or <b>recycling</b> these bags significantly offsets their environmental toll </span></p><p><br /></p><p>新規に製造する必要性が減るからです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">by reducing demand for new production. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>相殺値</b>を計算するには </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">To quantify that <b>offset</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>買い物袋のカーボン・フットプリントを 再利用<b>回数</b>で割ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we can divide the bag’s carbon footprint by <b>the number of times</b> it’s reused. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>例えば 普通の紙袋が<b>3回</b>再利用される場合 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For example, if a typical paper bag is reused <b>three times</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この紙袋自体の環境への<b>影響度</b>は 使い捨てのポリ袋より低くなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it has a lower <b>net impact</b> than a single-use plastic bag. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>布バッグのカーボン・フットプリントも <b>131回</b>再利用すれば 同様に低くなります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The carbon footprint of a cotton tote can similarly be lowered, if it’s reused <b>131 times</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%8C%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E6%9C%AC-%E6%B5%A6%E9%87%8E%E7%B4%98%E5%B9%B3/dp/4274220907?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&qid=1613978101&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7f14ed7b7a2e075eb2e7c49f11a0b0f0&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4274220907&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4274220907" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>3つの選択肢</b>の中で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Of these <b>three options</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最も再利用度が高いのは <b>耐久性の高い布バッグ</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>durable cloth totes</b> are most likely to be reused. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>紙袋は <b>破れやすい性質</b>上 すぐ捨てられられるのが常です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Evidence shows paper bags are quickly discarded due to their <b>tendency to tear</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは <b>HDPE製のポリ袋</b>を 悩ませる問題でもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This issue plagues <b>HDPE plastic bags</b> as well. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>破れにくく</b>作られた場合でさえ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But even when they’re made to <b>avoid tearing</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>入手し易さ故に 容易に<b>使い捨て</b>されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">their widespread availability makes it easy to treat them as <b>single-use items</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>研究によると 約<b>40%のHDPE製ポリ袋</b>は 幸いなことに ごみ捨て目的で 最低1度再利用されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Fortunately, researchers estimate that<b> 40% of HDPE bags</b> are reused at least once for throwing out waste. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%94%E3%81%BF%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%AE%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9F-%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%85%8B%E3%81%A8%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%88%E6%B8%AC-DOJIN%E9%81%B8%E6%9B%B8-%E7%A3%AF%E8%BE%BA-%E7%AF%A4%E5%BD%A6/dp/4759816860?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&qid=1613978101&sr=8-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cff10bae6b833e76c256f2309e849d95&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4759816860&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4759816860" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>袋のリサイクルもまた カーボン・フットプリントを<b>相殺</b>しますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Recycling these bags also <b>offsets</b> their carbon footprint, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>相殺は <b>どの材料</b>にも可能なわけではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but it’s not universally possible for <b>each material</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多くの国は ポリ袋を効率良くリサイクルする <b>インフラ</b>を持ちません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Many countries lack <b>the infrastructure</b> to efficiently recycle plastic bags. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>布バッグ</b>は ポリ袋より 分解と処理がかなり困難であろうものの </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Cotton totes </b>are perhaps even more difficult to breakdown and process, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>長期間</b>にわたって使われるので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but since they’re often reused for <b>long periods</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ごみ処理場</b>に送られる可能性が低いのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they’re still least likely to end up in <b>landfills</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9B%B3%E8%A7%A3%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB-CO2%E3%82%92%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0-%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC-%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA-%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80/dp/4297115611?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB&qid=1613978629&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=831cf33abd41126cf2bc33d41f4d769c&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4297115611&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4297115611" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>買い物袋がリサイクルされない場合の </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Whenever these bags aren’t recycled, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>環境への影響を表す数字が<b>もう一つ</b>あります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the third factor</b> in calculating environmental impact comes into play: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>生分解性</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>degradability</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>HDPE製の袋は<b>耐熱性</b>と<b>不溶性</b>があるので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Since HDPE bags are <b>heat-resistant</b> and <b>insoluble</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>使用後もごみのまま残ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they stick around long after we’re done with them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>プラスチックは完全に分解されることなく <b>数世紀にわたり</b>生態系に居座り続けるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Partially broken down plastic can circulate in ecosystems <b>for centuries</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一方 布は大部分が<b>ものの数ヶ月</b>で分解し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cotton on the other hand degrades substantially in <b>a matter of months</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>紙袋は<b>90日</b>で完全に分解します</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and paper bags break down completely in just <b>90 days</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%94%E3%81%BF%E8%82%B2-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E3%81%94%E3%81%BF%E5%88%86%E5%88%A5%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AC-%E6%BB%9D%E6%B2%A2-%E7%A7%80%E4%B8%80/dp/4778316770?pd_rd_w=7Di02&pf_rd_p=98aa37b9-be8c-4afb-83e7-b68aef3d17b4&pf_rd_r=DF49V0V830K63REHWE4A&pd_rd_r=f4122903-4236-496f-b814-c81177192aeb&pd_rd_wg=49nMe&pd_rd_i=4778316770&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=285f6cfb6537d8efef76fa5a93e0b4c1&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4778316770&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4778316770" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>では <b>どの買い物袋</b>を使うべきでしょう? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, <b>which bag</b> should you use? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>実は <b>最も環境に優しい袋</b>は ここでお話しした複数の素材の 特徴を合わせ持つ袋なのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It turns out <b>the most environmentally friendly bags</b> have features of several materials we've discussed. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>布と同様 耐久性があり再利用可能で <b>プラスチック製</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They’re durable and reusable, like cotton, but <b>made of plastic</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>プラスチックは布や紙より <b>カーボン・フットプリント</b>が低いのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which has a lower <b>carbon footprint</b> than cotton or paper. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この<b>丈夫な買い物袋</b>は ポリエステルや ビニールなどのプラスチック素材で出来ており </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These<b> sturdy shopping bags</b> consist of polyester, vinyl and other tough plastics, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>世界中で</b>使われています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and are already used <b>worldwide</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>何より このような買い物袋は <b>一生長持ちする</b>うえ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Most importantly, they should <b>last a lifetime</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地球にも食料品にも <b>最良のオプション</b>なのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making them <b>the best option</b> for the planet, and your groceries. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/DMYhome-%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0-%E6%8A%98%E3%82%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BF-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0-%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E5%BC%8F%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9%E8%A2%8B/dp/B08CCC8HRS?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0&qid=1613979280&sr=8-49&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=bc5dd3bca4b139349e310b15fdd57431&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08CCC8HRS&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08CCC8HRS" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-73859772077402929102021-02-19T04:53:00.002+09:002021-02-19T04:53:38.943+09:00【TED-Ed】肺炎とは何か?<p> </p><p><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/eve_gaus_and_vanessa_ruiz_why_is_pneumonia_so_dangerous?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank"><i>from: TED-Ed</i></a></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">肺炎が危険な理由</b></p><p><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #2b00fe;"><b>Why is Pneumonia so dangerous?</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E-%E8%AA%A4%E5%9A%A5%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BBCOPD-%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8%E3%83%BB%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8D%E5%8C%BB%E3%81%8C%E6%95%99%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B-%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E3%81%AE%E9%98%B2%E3%81%8E%E6%96%B9%E3%83%BB%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8-%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E8%81%9E%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F122%E5%95%8F%E3%81%AB%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E5%8C%BB%E3%81%8C%E6%9C%AC%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A7%E5%9B%9E%E7%AD%94%EF%BC%81-%E7%A6%8F%E6%B0%B8%E8%88%88%E5%A3%B1-ebook/dp/B08R8MMFBV?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E&qid=1613674602&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b8485bf5658c77fc35d8f63d16c4f1c6&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08R8MMFBV&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08R8MMFBV" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>息を吸う</b>たびに </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Every time you <b>breathe in</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>空気が<b>気管</b>を通り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">air travels down <b>the trachea</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>気管支</b>と呼ばれる一連の気道を経て </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">through a series of channels called <b>bronchi</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最後に小さな袋状の<b>肺胞</b>に到達します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and finally reaches little clusters of air sacs called <b>alveoli</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B086YTY8SS?psc=1&pd_rd_i=B086YTY8SS&pd_rd_w=ajrpp&pf_rd_p=cc3bc4d9-2af6-4e19-b3b8-31051adadc9e&pd_rd_wg=h5Fik&pf_rd_r=NECGRSN73JN9C6V9V63W&pd_rd_r=7bb0a310-4b61-44a3-a0ec-845163b5f391&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyRzNHUjdER0EyVVZIJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwODE3MTIzQ09GNzFVUUk3UUw4JmVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QTFCQ1FaMlQ5U0syVDQmd2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9kZXRhaWwmYWN0aW9uPWNsaWNrUmVkaXJlY3QmZG9Ob3RMb2dDbGljaz10cnVl&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8b8d938694ecbf42325148d8b17611bc&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B086YTY8SS&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B086YTY8SS" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>肺には6億個ほどの<b>肺胞</b>があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are some 600 million <b>alveoli</b> in the lungs, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>すべて広げると約<b>75平方メートル</b>に及び </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">adding up to a surface area of roughly <b>75 square meters</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>テニスコート</b>1面分にもなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the size of <b>a tennis court</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この微小な<b>肺胞</b>の厚みは細胞一つ分で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These tiny <b>sacs</b>, only one cell thick, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>重要な<b>交換</b>機能を担っています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">facilitate a crucial <b>exchange</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>吸い込んだ空気内の<b>酸素</b>を血流に入れ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">allowing <b>oxygen</b> from the air we breathe into the bloodstream </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>二酸化炭素</b>を吐き出します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and clearing out <b>carbon dioxide</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/GYJ/dp/B07Z7H2Y5C?pd_rd_w=XhuAA&pf_rd_p=1821eedd-9050-44ff-9f94-4ca9c8c19ec5&pf_rd_r=EMZAPKMJ2D6N0QYHGMKS&pd_rd_r=b51af475-eeeb-407e-94a1-1109a75ef0f8&pd_rd_wg=IYhGX&pd_rd_i=B07Z7H2Y5C&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=adacc8a58af808c01a513d0024f43450&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07Z7H2Y5C&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07Z7H2Y5C" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>肺炎</b>になると この交換機能に大混乱が生じます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Pneumonia</b> wreaks havoc on this exchange. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>肺炎とは肺胞の<b>炎症</b>のことで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pneumonia is <b>an infection</b> of<b> </b>the alveoli </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>浸出液</b>が溜まります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that causes them to fill with <b>fluid</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>肺炎の原因となる<b>病原体</b>はさまざまで </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are many different kinds of <b>pathogens</b> that can cause pneumonia. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>最も一般的なのは<b> ウイルス</b>または<b>細菌</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The most common ones are <b>viruses</b> or <b>bacteria</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9-%E3%81%9A%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93-%E6%AD%A6%E6%9D%91%E6%94%BF%E6%98%A5/dp/4297115131?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9&qid=1613675526&sr=8-39&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=5b59911f1c45a7cd043de6341073a26a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4297115131&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4297115131" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>こういった<b>ミクロの病原体</b>は 呼気中の飛沫により </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These <b>microscopic invaders</b> enter the body via droplets either in the air we breathe,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>もしくは 目、鼻、口を 病原体が付いた手で触ることで 体内に入ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">or when we touch our eyes, noses, or mouths after touching a contaminated surface. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>すると 病原体は<b> 気道</b>内で 最初の防御体に遭遇します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Then, they face <b>the respiratory</b> tract’s first line defense: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>粘膜毛様体</b>です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the mucociliary escalator</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>粘膜毛様体は 病原体を捕捉する<b>粘液</b>と </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The mucociliary escalator consists of <b>mucus</b> that traps invaders </span></p><p><br /></p><p>粘液を口へと押し上げる極細の<b>繊毛</b>からなり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and tiny hairs called <b>cilia</b> that carry the mucus toward the mouth, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>粘液は咳で体外に吐き出されます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where it can be coughed out. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/KBIASD/dp/B08QW3STJ9?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B0%97%E7%AE%A1%E6%94%AF&qid=1613675966&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=ccee86930a526c7f4bdb2c9d2f6656b5&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08QW3STJ9&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08QW3STJ9" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし 粘膜毛様体を通り抜け 肺に入って<b>肺胞</b>まで到達する病原体もあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But some of these invaders may get past the mucociliary escalator into the lungs, where they meet <b>the alveoli</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>肺胞</b>は血液中と体外からの空気を 交換するための 重要な役割を担う場所なので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Because <b>alveoli</b> serve as critical exchange points between the blood and air from the outside world, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>肺胞には特殊なタイプの白血球である <b>マクロファージ</b>があって </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they have their own specialized types of white blood cells, or <b>macrophages</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>異物</b>を包み込み捕食して肺胞を守ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which defend against <b>foreign organisms</b> by enveloping and eating them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>病原体</b>が肺に入ると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When <b>pathogens</b> enter the lungs, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>マクロファージ</b>が病原体を破壊します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the macrophages</b> work to destroy them. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>免疫系</b>が白血球をさらに送り出し 肺胞を守ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The immune system</b> releases additional white blood cells in the alveoli to help. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>免疫細胞が<b>病原体</b>を攻撃すると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As these immune cells fight <b>the pathogens</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>炎症</b>が起こり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they generate <b>inflammation</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>炎症の副産物として<b>浸出液</b>が出ます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and <b>fluid</b> as a by-product of the inflammation. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%BE%8E%E3%81%97%E3%81%8D%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%8A%9B-%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%84%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E3%82%92%E8%A7%A3%E3%81%8D%E6%98%8E%E3%81%8B%E3%81%99-%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BBM-%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9-ebook/dp/B07L2HQPLV?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB&qid=1613676350&sr=8-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d7b262495167bf6469358210ba853121&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07L2HQPLV&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07L2HQPLV" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>浸出液</b>が溜まると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When this <b>fluid</b> builds up, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>肺胞内の<b>ガス交換</b>が非常に難しくなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">it makes <b>gas exchange</b> inside the alveoli much more difficult. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>血流の<b>二酸化炭素</b>濃度が上がり始めると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As the level of <b>carbon dioxide</b> in the bloodstream begins to rise, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>体が二酸化炭素を排除し <b>酸素</b>を取り込もうとして呼吸回数が増えます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the body breathes more quickly to try to clear it out and get more <b>oxygen</b> in. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>頻呼吸</b>は 肺炎の最も一般的な症状です また </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This <b>rapid breathing</b> is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>咳</b>をして肺胞から浸出液を 出そうとします </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The body also tries to force the fluid out of the alveoli through <b>coughing</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E3%81%A7%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%AB%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%B0%E6%9C%9D%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%9C1%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E8%82%BA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%80%8D-%E3%81%A7%E8%82%BA%E3%82%92%E9%8D%9B%E3%81%88%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%81%84-%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4-%E9%9B%85%E4%BF%8A/dp/4569848079?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E&qid=1613674602&sr=8-27&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=460253cca22ef4e03c060228c52f84c2&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4569848079&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4569848079" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>肺炎の<b>原因</b>を突き止めるのは 難しいこともありますが </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Determining<b> the cause</b> of pneumonia can be difficult, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>原因が分かれば </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but once it is established, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>医師は<b>抗生物質</b>を処方できます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">doctors can prescribe <b>antibiotics</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>これには<b>抗菌性</b>や <b>抗ウイルス性</b>のものがあります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which may include either <b>antibacterial</b> or <b>antiviral</b> treatments. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>抗生物質による治療は <b>感染</b>を抑えるのに役立ちます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Treatment with antibiotics helps the body get <b>the infection</b> under control. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>病原体</b>が除去されると </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As <b>the pathogen</b> is cleared out, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>浸出液と<b>死細胞</b>が徐々に 排出または吸収されます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the body gradually expels or absorbs fluid and <b>dead cells</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>最悪の症状</b>は約1週間で落ち着くのが 一般的ですが </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The worst symptoms</b> typically fade out in about a week, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>全快</b>には1カ月ほどかかることもあります</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">though <b>full recovery</b> may take as long as a month. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E3%81%8C%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89-%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84-%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9-%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%83%89/dp/4774177164?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9&qid=1613676904&sr=8-57-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUFZMklPWVhQQ05BMkYmZW5jcnlwdGVkSWQ9QTAxMjc5OTk0WVpINUg3RkZUV1UmZW5jcnlwdGVkQWRJZD1BM0kwQkZDRllKSFRLSiZ3aWRnZXROYW1lPXNwX2J0ZiZhY3Rpb249Y2xpY2tSZWRpcmVjdCZkb05vdExvZ0NsaWNrPXRydWU%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e43e52f19f9746fbe0fdcbd66d671a73&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4774177164&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4774177164" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>いつもは<b>健康な大人</b>であれば 多くの場合 自宅で治療できますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Otherwise <b>healthy adults</b> can often manage pneumonia at home. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人によっては <b>肺炎</b>が重症化し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But for some groups, <b>pneumonia</b> can be a lot more severe, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>入院や酸素吸入 <b>人工換気</b> または その他の対症療法が必要となり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">requiring hospitalization and oxygen, <b>artificial ventilation</b>, or other supportive measures </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その間も体は<b>感染症</b>と戦っています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while the body fights <b>the infection</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>喫煙は<b>繊毛</b>を傷つけ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Smoking damages <b>the cilia</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>平常量の<b>粘液</b>や<b>分泌物</b>でさえも 排除が困難になり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making them less able to clear even the normal amount of <b>mucus</b> and <b>secretions</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>肺炎</b>によりその量が増えた場合には なおさら難しくなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">let alone the increased volume associated with <b>pneumonia</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%93%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B0%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%B1%E3%82%92%E3%81%97%E3%82%88%E3%81%86-%E6%AF%92%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B%E8%96%AC%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B-%E7%89%87%E9%87%8E%E7%94%B0-%E8%80%95%E5%A4%AA-ebook/dp/B07WRGSJXY?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%96%AB%E7%85%99&qid=1613677151&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d129fdcb068511c6b21b1548666dd4f5&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07WRGSJXY&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07WRGSJXY" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>遺伝性疾患や自己免疫<b>疾患</b>があると 肺炎の原因となる病原体に 感染しやすくなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Genetic and autoimmune <b>disorders </b>can make someone more susceptible to pathogens that can cause pneumonia. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>幼児</b>や<b>高齢者</b>は クリアランス機能や 免疫力が不十分です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Young children</b> and <b>the elderly</b> also have impaired clearance and weaker immune systems. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ウイルス性肺炎の患者は <b>細菌性呼吸器感染症</b>にかかる 危険性が高くなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And if someone has viral pneumonia, their risk of <b>bacterial respiratory infection</b> is higher. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>肺炎による大きな死因として<b> 医療</b>を受けられないことが挙げられます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Many of the deaths from pneumonia are due to lack of access to<b> healthcare</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし <b>適切な医療</b>をもってしても </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But sometimes, even with <b>appropriate care</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>状態の維持さえ無理な 感染症との<b>持続的な戦闘状態</b>に入り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the body enters <b>a sustained fight</b> against the infection it can’t maintain, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>炎症反応経路</b>の活性化が 肺に限らず体全体で起こります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">activating <b>inflammatory pathways</b> throughout the body, not just in the lungs. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは体の<b>防衛機能</b>なのですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This is actually <b>a protective mechanism</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この状態が続きすぎると 臓器の機能が<b>停止</b>し始め </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but after too long in this state organs start <b>shutting down</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ショック状態</b>に陥り 時には死に至ります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">causing <b>shock</b> and sometimes death. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A-%EF%BC%97%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E8%AC%8E-%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%BD%93-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E5%AE%AE%E5%9D%82%E6%98%8C%E4%B9%8B-ebook/dp/B08MZNJ4QB?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9&qid=1613677636&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8719878d71a56ec0f4477df88f954acc&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08MZNJ4QB&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08MZNJ4QB" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>どうすれば肺炎を<b>予防</b>できるでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So how can we <b>prevent</b> pneumonia? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>適切な食事</b>や <b>十分な睡眠</b>と運動が 感染に対する免疫強化に役立ちます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Eating well</b> and <b>getting enough sleep</b> and exercise helps your body fight off infections. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ワクチン</b>で 肺炎の原因となる 一般的な病原体を防ぎ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Vaccines</b> can protect against common pneumonia-causing pathogens, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>頻繁な手洗い</b>で 病原体の蔓延を防ぎ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">while <b>washing your hands regularly</b> helps prevent the spread of these pathogens—</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>重症肺炎</b>に最もかかりやすい人々を守ります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> and protect those most vulnerable to <b>severe pneumonia</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Newsweek-%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%88-2020%E5%B9%B410-27%E5%8F%B7-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%8C%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89/dp/B08KJTLWDN?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9+%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3&qid=1613677891&sr=8-45&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3b9d9dbdff2a11f92fdebfbaa51843ab&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08KJTLWDN&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08KJTLWDN" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-29942989066914551362021-02-17T13:14:00.001+09:002021-02-17T13:14:27.755+09:00【TED-Ed】巨樹とともに生きる<p> </p><p><i>from: TED-Ed</i></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/alex_rosenthal_the_world_s_largest_organism?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">世界で一番大きい生き物</a></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;">The World's Largest Organism</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><br /></b></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%89%88-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%B7%A8%E6%A8%B9%E3%83%BB%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%A8-%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3-%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88/dp/4562053135?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B7%A8%E6%9C%A8&qid=1613531531&sr=8-35&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=72a6fdcb935139e20ce456881e56b393&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4562053135&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4562053135" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>オキアミ</b>のゴリアテ君です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This is Goliath, <b>the krill</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>あまり<b>愛着</b>を持ちすぎないように </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Don’t get too <b>attached</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>今日は この1センチメートルの<b>甲殻類</b>が 4000万の親友たちと 同じ運命を共有するでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Today this 1 centimeter <b>crustacean</b> will share the same fate as 40 million of his closest friends: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>世界最大の<b>シロナガスクジラ</b>のお腹で 終身刑となるのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">a life sentence in the belly of the largest <b>blue whale</b> in the world. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%80%90%E3%82%80%E3%81%99%E7%BE%8E%E3%80%91100-katakata%E3%82%80%E3%81%99%E3%81%B3-%E3%81%B5%E3%82%8D%E3%81%97%E3%81%8D-104cm-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC/dp/B01MG3JRFG?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9&qid=1613531780&sr=8-11&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=409a63b85c9d5e9a9550b7c438f647b7&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01MG3JRFG&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01MG3JRFG" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>彼女を<b>リバイアサ</b>と呼ぶことにしましょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Let’s call her <b>Leviatha</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>リバイアサの重さは<b>15万トン</b>もあり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Leviatha weighs something like <b>150 metric tons</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>世界で一番大きい動物です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and she’s the largest animal in the world. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし それでも最大の重さの <b>生き物</b>には遠く及びません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But she’s not even close to being the largest <b>organism</b> by weight, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>それはリバイアサ<b>40頭分</b>に 相当すると推定されています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which is estimated to equal about <b>40</b> Leviatha’s. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>では その<b>巨大生物</b>はどこにいるのでしょうか </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So where is this <b>behemoth</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>ここ <b>ユタ州</b>です </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Here, in <b>Utah</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>すみません <b>近過ぎ</b>ましたね </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sorry, that’s <b>too close</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ここです </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Here. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRNbEIz1gB2iDQo1fHtzgKaRXAGw3MiY4J_NDeylL9JgRFCDCPyu0eqrK8GinsPr1hZZLHX-b9z7_SO_2NTap1xsAzJuiNF_2jctiSbYPRWk58FzFbAevjcbDsro3MLv4n47Sf4to7ww/s1200/FallPando02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="1200" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRNbEIz1gB2iDQo1fHtzgKaRXAGw3MiY4J_NDeylL9JgRFCDCPyu0eqrK8GinsPr1hZZLHX-b9z7_SO_2NTap1xsAzJuiNF_2jctiSbYPRWk58FzFbAevjcbDsro3MLv4n47Sf4to7ww/w400-h265/FallPando02.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span><br /></span><p></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>これは<b>パンド</b>といって </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This is <b>Pando</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>名前には「<b>私は広がる</b>」という意味があります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">whose name means “<b>I spread out</b>.” </span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Quaking-Aspen-notebook-journal-trees/dp/B08DSS7K3V?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=quaking+aspen&qid=1613532288&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=fff61ba8f3787e66b69e4b29913dfc14&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08DSS7K3V&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08DSS7K3V" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><span><br /></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンド 別名<b>アメリカヤマナラシ</b>は </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pando, <b>a quaking aspen</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>同じ遺伝子を持つ樹幹が約<b>4万7000本</b>あり </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">has roughly <b>47,000</b> genetically identical clone trunks. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ただ一つの巨大な<b>根系</b>から発育しています </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Those all grow from one enormous <b>root system</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>これが 科学者たちがパンドを <b>単一の生き物</b>だと考える理由です </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which is why scientists consider Pando <b>a single organism</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは重量で世界<b>最大の生き物</b>として 明らかな勝者であり </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pando is the clear winner of world’s <b>largest organism</b> by weight— </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>なんと<b>6000トン</b>にもなるのです </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">an incredible <b>6 million kilograms</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%A3%AE%E3%81%AE%E6%A0%B9%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6-%E5%B9%B3%E9%87%8E-%E6%81%AD%E5%BC%98/dp/4320058135?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B7%A8%E6%9C%A8&qid=1613531531&sr=8-19&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a32db7983bc76291e62040c13d080190&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4320058135&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4320058135" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>では パンドはどうやって それほど<b>巨大</b>になったのでしょうか? </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So how did Pando get to be so <b>huge</b>? </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは<b>遺伝学的な見地</b>からは 特別なヤマナラシではありません </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pando is not an unusual aspen from <b>a genetic standpoint</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>むしろ パンドの大きさは 主に<b>3つの要因</b>に行き着きます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Rather, Pando’s size boils down to <b>three main factors</b>: </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>樹齢</b>と<b>場所</b>と </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">its <b>age</b>, its <b>location</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>進化によって適応した ― 驚くべき<b>自己複製力</b>です </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and aspens’ remarkable evolutionary adaptation of <b>self-cloning</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>まず初めに パンドがただならぬ広がりを もっているのは <b>非常に古い</b>からです </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So first, Pando is incredibly expansive because it’s<b> incredibly old</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>実際はどれくらい古いのでしょうか </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">How old exactly? </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>それは誰にもわかりません </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">No one knows. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>年輪年代学によると <b>8万年</b>から<b>100万年</b>と推定されています </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Dendrochronologist estimates range from <b>80,000</b> to <b>1 million years</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>問題は<b>パンドの年齢</b>を正確に測定する 簡単な方法がないということです </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The problem is, there’s no simple way to gauge <b>Pando’s age</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは常に成長と死と再生の サイクルの中にあるため 一つの樹幹の<b>年輪</b>を数え上げても <b>200年</b>ほどまでしかなりません </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Counting <b>the rings</b> of a single trunk will only account for up to <b>200 years</b> or so, as Pando is in a constant cycle of growth, death, and renewal. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>個々の樹は 平均して<b>130年</b>ほど生きた後に </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">On average, each individual tree lives <b>130 years</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span>倒れて<b>新しいもの</b>に置き換わります </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">before falling and being replaced by <b>new ones</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%B3%A8%E6%9F%93%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AC%E3%81%90%E3%81%84-%E6%89%8B%E6%8B%AD-%E5%B9%B4%E8%BC%AA-921-37%C3%9798cm/dp/B00KVY79BS?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B9%B4%E8%BC%AA&qid=1613532880&sr=8-46&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=30bb15529a31bc9d9773823907822d8a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00KVY79BS&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00KVY79BS" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>次に<b>場所</b>です </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Second: <b>location</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>1万2000年前</b>に終わった 最後の<b>氷河期</b>には </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">During the last <b>ice age</b>, which ended about <b>12,000 years ago</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>ヤマナラシ</b>に適した気候にある 北アメリカのほとんどを <b>氷河</b>が覆っていました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>glaciers</b> covered much of the North American climate friendly to <b>aspens</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ですから 単一の遺伝子を有し 同じ規模をもった<b>コロニー</b>が 他にもあったとしても </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So if there were other comparably sized clonal <b>colonies</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>絶滅</b>していたことでしょう </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they may have <b>perished</b> then. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>一方で ユタ州の一角にあるパンドは <b>氷河を逃れた</b>ままでした </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Meanwhile, Pando’s corner of Utah remained <b>glacier-free</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>そこの土壌は<b>栄養</b>に富んでいたので パンドは継続的に増え続けました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The soil there is rich in <b>nutrients</b> that Pando continuously replenishes; </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは<b>葉</b>を落とし <b>樹幹</b>が倒れ </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">as it drops <b>leaves</b> and <b>trunks</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>それが<b>新しい世代の複製</b>を生む 栄養になるのです </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the nutrients return to nourish <b>new generations of clones</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%B5%B5%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98-%EF%BC%AB%EF%BC%B3%E7%B5%B5%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E5%A0%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%89%8D-ebook/dp/B01N6G96V7?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1613531531&sr=8-33&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=eed35614586157a8cbc7e001d90f0135&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01N6G96V7&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01N6G96V7" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>これはパンドの大きさを説明する 第3の要因 <b>複製能力</b>にも繋がります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Which brings us to the third cause of Pando’s size: <b>cloning</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ヤマナラシは <b>有性生殖</b>によって 新しい個体を生み出すことも </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aspens are capable of both <b>sexual reproduction</b>— which produces a new organism—</span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>無性生殖</b>で自分の複製を作ることもできます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> and <b>asexual reproduction</b>— which creates a clone. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>環境が好ましくなく 他の場所に移動することが <b>最適な戦略</b>であるときは 有性生殖で繁殖する傾向があります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They tend to reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavorable and the <b>best strategy</b> for survival is to move elsewhere. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>樹は移動できませんが その<b>種</b>は移動できます </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Trees aren’t particularly mobile, but their<b> seeds </b>are. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>他の生物と同じように </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Like the rest of us, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは何万年 何十万年も前に <b>有性生殖</b>によってこの世界に誕生しました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>sexual reproduction</b> is how Pando came into the world in the first place all those tens or hundreds of thousands of years ago. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>風や花粉媒介物によって 片方の親の<b>花粉</b>が もう一方の親の元へ運ばれ </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The wind or a pollinator carried <b>pollen</b> from the flower of one of its parents to the other, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>そこで精細胞が<b>卵細胞</b>を受精させました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where a sperm cell fertilized an <b>egg</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>花が<b>果実</b>を実らせ </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That flower produced <b>fruit</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>それが割れ たくさんの小さな<b>軽い種</b>を放出しました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which split open, releasing hundreds of tiny, <b>light seeds</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>風によってその種の一つが湿潤な土地 現在の<b>ユタ州</b>に運ばれ </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The wind carried one to a wet spot of land in what is now <b>Utah</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>そこでパンドの<b>最初の茎</b>が 根を張り芽吹きました </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where it took root and germinated into Pando’s <b>first stem</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E5%8E%9F%E5%AF%B8%E3%81%A7%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%82%80-%E8%BA%AB%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AA%E6%9C%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D-%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E6%8E%A1%E9%9B%86%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89/dp/4408456284?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B7%A8%E6%9C%A8&qid=1613531531&sr=8-39&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=be2b02f9beecc2e4326e8ceac79760b7&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4408456284&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4408456284" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>その何年か後に </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A couple of years later, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドは <b>無性</b>生殖ができるまでに成長しました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pando grew mature enough to reproduce <b>asexually</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>無性生殖 つまり<b>自己複製</b>は その環境が成長に好ましいときに 起きる傾向があります </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Asexual reproduction, or <b>cloning</b>, tends to happen when the environment is favorable to growth. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>ヤマナラシは土壌を掘り進み <b>長い根</b>を形成しています </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aspens have <b>long roots</b> that burrow through the soil. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>これらが芽吹き <b>新しい樹幹</b>に成長します </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These can sprout shoots that grow up into <b>new trunks</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドが成長して広がっている間に </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And while Pando grew and spread out, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>私たちの<b>祖先</b>も広がっていきました </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">so did our <b>ancestors</b>. </span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2-%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC/dp/4806713996?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&qid=1613534194&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=48414652bc273ef1f232ad8a0025de76&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4806713996&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4806713996" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>洞窟壁画を描いていた<b>狩猟採集民</b>は </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As <b>Hunter-gatherers</b> who made cave paintings, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>氷河期</b>を生き抜き </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">survived <b>an ice age</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span><b>北アメリカ</b>への道を発見したり </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">found their way to <b>North America</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>エジプトやメソポタミアで<b>文明</b>を打ち立てたり </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">built <b>civilizations</b> in Egypt and Mesopotamia, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>戦争を起こし 動物を家畜化し </span>はたまた戦争を行い </p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ought wars, domesticated animals, fought wars, </span></span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span><b>国</b>を形成し </span>機械を作り </p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">formed <b>nations</b>, </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">built machines,</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>インターネットや戦争を行う 新しい方法を開発している間に </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and invented the internet, and always newer ways to fight wars. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>パンドは変動する気候や迫りくる氷河から <b>何千年も</b>生き抜いてきました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pando has survived <b>many millennia</b> of changing climates and encroaching ice. </span></p><p><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD40%E5%84%84%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2-%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%BB-%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3-ebook/dp/B0125TZSZA?pd_rd_w=E6yPy&pf_rd_p=7315a622-8a13-4ec3-bc20-ec582f8fd407&pf_rd_r=S6V7R3KTGC77MNSZRQVX&pd_rd_r=a05d18ed-10f3-4b7a-bfd6-2070b0df200e&pd_rd_wg=RLpA9&pd_rd_i=B0125TZSZA&psc=1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d91d93b465f039b402e74828b95f248b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B0125TZSZA&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B0125TZSZA" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし人間からは生き抜けないかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But it may not survive us. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>倒れた樹幹を置き換えるのに 必要な速さに対し 新しい樹幹が成長する速度の方が 非常に<b>遅い</b>のです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">New stems are growing to maturity much more <b>slowly</b> than they need to in order to replace the trunks that fall. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>科学者は<b>主な原因を2つ</b>特定しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Scientists have identified <b>two main reasons</b> for this. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1つ目はパンドから<b>火</b>を奪ったことです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The first is that we’ve deprived Pando of <b>fire</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>火によって<b>森</b>の一角が消失すると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When a fire clears a patch of <b>forest</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヤマナラシの<b>根</b>は生き残り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aspen <b>roots</b> survive, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地面から一斉に大量の<b>芽</b>が吹き出すのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and send <b>shoots</b> bursting up out of the ground by the tens of thousands. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Mule-Deer-Conservation-Management-Strategies/dp/0974241504?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=mule+deer&qid=1613534848&sr=8-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=8b055dec6d8122d9d7f795c906b75ede&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0974241504&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=0974241504" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>2つ目は畜牛やミュールジカなどの <b>草食動物</b>の天敵を </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And secondly, <b>grazers</b> like herds of cattle and mule deer— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その地域で<b>絶滅</b>するまで 私たちが狩ってしまったので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">whose natural predators we’ve hunted to the point of local <b>elimination</b>— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>草食動物が新たに育ったパンドを 食べているのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">are eating Pando’s fresh growth. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6-%E6%9D%BE%E5%B2%A1-%E6%86%B2%E7%9F%A5/dp/4772242171?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E4%BA%8B&qid=1613534636&sr=8-19&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=b82512d194eff692b16cbd34c38b045a&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4772242171&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4772242171" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span>もし世界<b>最大の生物</b>を失ってしまったら </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If we lose the world’s <b>largest organism</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>科学的な<b>宝の山</b>を失うことでしょう </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we’ll lose a scientific <b>treasure trove</b>. </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>パンドの樹幹は遺伝的に<b>同一</b>なので </span></p><p><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Because Pando’s trunks are genetically <b>identical</b>, </span></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>樹の<b>マイクロバイオーム</b>(微生物叢)から 気候が樹の成長速度に与える影響に至るまで あらゆる研究において 管理された条件をもたらしてくれます </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">they can serve as a controlled setting for studies on everything from the tree <b>microbiome</b> to the influence of climate on tree growth rates. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>良いニュース</b>は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The <b>good news</b> is, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その地域で 草を食べる家畜を減らし その上 <b>脆弱な若木</b>を保護することで パンドを救うチャンスがあるということです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">we have a chance to save Pando, by reducing livestock grazing in the area and further protecting the vulnerable <b>young saplings</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>今日が<b>行動</b>に移すときです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And the time to <b>act</b> is today. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この自然界のたくさんの<b>驚異</b>と同様に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Because as with so many other <b>marvels</b> of our natural world, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>一度失われると元に戻るには <b>長い長い時間</b>が必要になるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">once they’re gone it will be <b>a very, very long time</b> before they return. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%90%E3%82%8B80%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3-%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA/dp/4760151907?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%B7%A8%E6%9C%A8&qid=1613531531&sr=8-58&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d2e996465450c6dcea193731909821d6&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4760151907&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4760151907" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-8067662946321945052021-02-17T06:24:00.001+09:002021-02-17T06:24:16.898+09:00【TED-Ed】どうやってオパールはできるのか?<p><br /></p><p>from: TED-Ed </p><p><br /></p><p><b><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jeff_dekofsky_the_most_colorful_gemstones_on_earth/transcript?language=ja" target="_blank">地球上で最もカラフルな宝石</a></b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The most colorful <b>gemstones</b> on earth</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E7%9F%B3-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%88%E8%A3%B8%E7%9F%B3%EF%BC%89-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB-8-910ct-o-1/dp/B08BK5VQG4?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1613506541&sr=8-30-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEzS0RKSFE0QkZXVTg5JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwMTkwNzQyMVM4WkpJR0dPVFJWRyZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUExWTJLN0M4QTdYVlVYJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfbXRmJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=d5b31b596b12f99d580682130ccfd84f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08BK5VQG4&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08BK5VQG4" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>1986年11月<b>吉日 </b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">On <b>an auspicious day</b> in November of 1986, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>5人の鉱夫が オーストラリアの <b>ルナティック・ヒル</b>という 近づいた者の精神状態を 表すような名の鉱山に登りました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">5 Australian miners climbed <b>Lunatic Hill</b>— so named for the mental state anyone would be in to dig there. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>他社は深さ2から5メートルで <b>オパール</b>を探しましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">While their competitors searched for <b>opals</b> at a depth of 2 to 5 meters, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>Lunatic Hill Syndicateで知られる彼らは 地下<b>20メートル</b>まで掘削しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the Lunatic Hill Syndicate bored <b>20 meters</b> into the earth. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この<b>大胆さ</b>が功を奏し こぶし大の 記録的なオパールを掘り当て</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And for their <b>audacity</b>, the earth rewarded them with a fist-sized, record breaking opal. </span></p><p><br /></p><p> <b>ハレー彗星オパール</b>と名付けました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They named it <b>the Halley’s Comet opal</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>当時夜空に見えていた 巨大な氷天体である ハレー彗星にちなんでいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">after the much larger rocky, icy body flying by the earth at that time. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHT0AWlU38DhOgKvTsN4xe7dV30DGzJbsFsv1nd5lvCc9-Ezl6ND9RmIC2qza3vfeDS-Z_0lVxvmPCaMtfjop12Qq1nsvDpvaOGDNJUoudbxoZVGdtIfHJtcGJHs7a-3t1x8plB8ibIA0/s639/opal_halley.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="639" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHT0AWlU38DhOgKvTsN4xe7dV30DGzJbsFsv1nd5lvCc9-Ezl6ND9RmIC2qza3vfeDS-Z_0lVxvmPCaMtfjop12Qq1nsvDpvaOGDNJUoudbxoZVGdtIfHJtcGJHs7a-3t1x8plB8ibIA0/w400-h300/opal_halley.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /></p>ハレー彗星オパールは<b>驚異的な</b>宝石ですが <p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Halley’s Comet opal is a <b>marvel</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのユニークさとは<b>裏腹に</b> オパールの最も一般的な特徴を 示しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but its uniqueness is, <b>paradoxically</b>, the most usual thing about it. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ダイヤモンド、ルビー、エメラルド などの宝石は それぞれ<b>見分けがつかないほど</b> 似ていますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">While diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and other precious stones are often <b>indistinguishably</b> similar, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オパールは全て見かけが異なります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">no two opals look the same, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは 「<b>遊色効果</b>」によるものです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">thanks to a characteristic called "<b>play of color</b>." </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このきらきらと 眩しく 躍るような光の発色は </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This shimmering, dazzling, dancing display of light </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>化学・地質学・光学</b>が織りなす現象で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">comes about from a confluence of <b>chemistry</b>, <b>geology</b>, and <b>optics</b> that define opals</span></p><p><br /></p><p>地下深くで生まれた時に決まります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> from their earliest moments, deep underground. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/stone-Natural%E3%80%91%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB-opal-%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9/dp/B08BHP4D76?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1613506541&rnid=2321267051&s=toys&sr=1-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e683ba0af9eb5d80f77b36bee7d5eb81&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08BHP4D76&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08BHP4D76" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>その地中深くでオパールは 驚くほど<b>豊富な「水」</b>として誕生します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It’s there that an opal begins its life as something surprisingly <b>abundant: water</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>水は 土や岩石の間に<b>浸透</b>し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Trickling down</b> through gaps in soil and rock, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>砂岩・石灰岩・玄武岩</b>を通り </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">water flows through <b>sandstone</b>, <b>limestone</b>, and <b>basalt</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>二酸化ケイ素</b>と呼ばれる 微小な化合物を取り込みます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">picking up a microscopic compound called <b>silicon dioxide</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>シリカを豊富に含んだ水が<b>火山岩</b>の隙間や 先史時代の川床や木 古生物の骨などに浸み込みます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This silica-enriched water enters the voids inside pieces of <b>volcanic rock</b>, prehistoric river beds, wood and even the bones of ancient creatures. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>水は徐々に<b>蒸発</b>し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Gradually, the water starts to <b>evaporate</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>溶存していたシリカが<b>ゲル状</b>になり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and the silica-solution begins forming <b>a gel</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そこで数百万個の<b>シリカ球</b>が層をなして 一連の<b>同心円状の殻</b>を形成します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> within which millions of <b>silica spheres</b> form layer by layer as a series of <b>concentric shells</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ゲルは最終的に固くなって <b>ガラスのように</b>なり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The gel ultimately hardens into a <b>glass-like</b> material, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>球体が<b>格子構造</b>に落ち着いていきます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and the spheres settle into <b>a lattice structure</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどのオパールは 格子構造が<b>無秩序</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The vast majority of the time, this structure is <b>haphazard</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>特に優れたところのない低価値の コモンオパールとなりますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">resulting in common, or potch, opals with unremarkable exteriors. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ごくわずかな割合だけ存在する <b>プレシャスオパール</b>には 整った大きさのシリカ球が 整然と並ぶ領域があります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The tiny, mesmerizing percentage we call <b>precious opals</b> have regions where silica beads of uniform size form orderly arrays. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA-LiveEnterpris-ZH-KZN-0104-%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB/dp/B00CTASOEI?dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1613508843&rnid=2321267051&s=toys&sr=1-13&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=465eb1bee90ec49fd1ec08971243ab1e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00CTASOEI&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00CTASOEI" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>この構造が<b>きらめく光</b>を放つのは なぜでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So why do those structures produce such <b>vibrant displays</b>? </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その答えは<b>「干渉」</b>という 波動物理学の原理にあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The answer lies in a principle of wave physics called <b>interference</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>分かりやすく <b>単色の光</b>を使って説明します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For the sake of simplicity, let’s look at what happens when <b>a single color of light</b>—</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>波長</b>500ナノメートルの緑色の光が プレシャスオパールに当たると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">green, with a <b>wavelength</b> of 500 nanometers— hits a precious opal. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>緑色の光が宝石全体で散乱し さまざまな強度で<b>反射</b>します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The green light will scatter throughout the gemstone and <b>reflect back</b> with varying intensities— </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ほとんどの角度で光り輝きますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">from most angles suffused, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>全く光らない角度もあれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">from some entirely dimmed, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>眩しく輝く角度もあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and others dazzlingly bright. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どのような仕組みかというと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What’s happening is, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>表面の層</b>で反射する緑色の光もあれば </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">some of the green light reflects off of <b>the top layer</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その下の層や その次の層で 反射するものもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some reflects off of the layer below that. And so on. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ある層から次の層に入り 反射して戻るまでの往復の距離が </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When the additional distance it travels from one layer to the next, and back, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>500と1000ナノメートルといったように (緑色の光の)波長の<b>倍数</b>である場合</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">is a <b>multiple</b> of the wavelength— such as 500 or 1000 extra nanometers— </span></p><p><br /></p><p> (1つ目の層で反射する)光の波と <b>山</b>や<b>谷</b>が一致します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the <b>crests</b> and <b>valleys</b> of the waves match each other. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは<b>建設的干渉</b>と呼ばれる現象で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This phenomenon is called <b>constructive interference</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>波が増幅され 色が明るくなります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and it amplifies the wave, producing a brighter color. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そのため <b>正しい角度</b>からオパールを見ると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So if you position your eye at <b>the correct angle</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>多重の層から反射した緑色の光が 強め合います </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> the green light reflecting from many layers adds together. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>視点をわずかにずらすと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Shift the angle just a bit, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>光が層と層の間を 通過する距離が変わります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and you change the distance the light travels between layers. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ちょうどよい位置に視点を変えると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Change it enough, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>波の<b>山</b>が<b>谷</b>と重なり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and you’ll reach a point where the <b>crests</b> match the <b>valleys</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>波がお互いを打ち消す <b>相殺的干渉</b>現象が見られます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">making the waves cancel each other out— that’s <b>destructive interference</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95-%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2%E3%83%BB%E5%85%89%E6%B3%A2-%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E-%E3%81%84%E3%81%8F%E9%83%8E/dp/4627153813?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&qid=1613509006&sr=8-25&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7771b4dc2280a6ed6bcc3bc4acd975da&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4627153813&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4627153813" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>色によって<b>波長</b>が異なるため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Different colors have different <b>wavelengths</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>建設的干渉</b>現象に必要な移動距離も 変わります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which translates to varying distances they have to travel to <b>constructively interfere</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>色が およそ<b>シリカ球</b>の大きさと 対応しているのはそのためです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That’s why colors roughly correspond to <b>silica bead</b> sizes. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>210ナノメートル球の場合の間隔は <b>青色の光</b>を増幅するのに最適です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The spaces between 210 nanometer beads are just right to amplify <b>blue light</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>赤色の光</b>の場合 波長が長く 300ナノメートル近い大きさの シリカ球が必要です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For <b>red light</b>, with its long wavelengths, the silica beads must be close to 300 nanometers. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この大きさのシリカ形成には 非常に<b>長い時間</b>がかかるため </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Those take a very <b>long time</b> to form, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>オパールでは赤が最も<b>希少な</b>色です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and because of that, red is the <b>rarest</b> opal color. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ゲルの格子配置</b>は オパールごとに異なるため 配色は非常に多様です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The differences in the arrangements of <b>the gel lattices</b> within a particular stone result in a wide range of color patterns— </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ブロードフラッシュ</b>や<b>ピンファイヤー</b> 極めて稀な<b>ハーレクイン</b>などがあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> everything from <b>broad flash</b> to <b>pin-fire</b> to the ultra-rare <b>harlequin</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E7%9F%B3-%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%88%E8%A3%B8%E7%9F%B3%EF%BC%89-%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB-3-905ct-o-44/dp/B08DMWF1BC?dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&qid=1613510038&sr=8-56-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyV1BKRjBNQUYyUUZXJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNTEzNTkyM0RROEk0QUFCVDdEMyZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUEzRFNSR0xUUlA2M0pDJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfbXRmJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ%3D%3D&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=47378c98c27607d41d443ac35b2ff547&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08DMWF1BC&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08DMWF1BC" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>プレシャスオパール</b>が形成される条件は 非常に珍しく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The circumstances that lead to the formation of <b>precious opal</b> are so uncommon </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>わずかな場所</b>に限られています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">that they only occur in <b>a handful of places</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>プレシャスオパールの95%が <b>オーストラリア産</b>で </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">About 95% come from <b>Australia</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>古代の内海</b>に完璧な条件がそろっていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where <b>an ancient inland sea</b> created the perfect conditions. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>ハレー彗星オパール</b>も まさにそこで 約1億年前に形成されました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It was there that<b> the Halley’s Comet opal</b> formed some 100 million years ago. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ここで<b>疑問</b>がわきます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Which raises<b> the question</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これから<b>1億年</b>の間に </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">in the next <b>100 million years</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>シリカを豊富に含んだ水が 人類文明の<b>廃棄された人工物</b>の隙間に 浸透していくと </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">silica-rich water will percolate through the nooks and crannies of some of <b>the discarded artifacts</b> of human civilization. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>人類が暗闇に忘れ去った遺物から いつの日か オパールのどんな<b>遊色効果</b>が 放たれるのでしょうか? </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">What opalescent <b>plays of light</b> will one day radiate from the things we forget in the darkness? </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A/dp/4528020106?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3&qid=1613510546&sr=8-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f6517b675effb6995e0e3e4b670169ab&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4528020106&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4528020106" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-33650260203561493622021-02-16T17:25:00.002+09:002021-02-17T06:32:31.774+09:00【TED-ED】脳が忘れるメカニズム<p> </p><p>from: TED-Ed</p><p><br /></p><p><b><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/catharine_young_how_memories_form_and_how_we_lose_them?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">脳はどう記憶し、どう忘れるのか?</a></b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #2b00fe;">How memories form and how we lose them</span></b></p><p><br /></p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%84%B3%E3%82%92%E5%8F%B8%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E8%84%B3%E3%80%8D-%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%A7%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%80%81%E9%A9%9A%E3%81%8F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%8D%E8%84%B3%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AF%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%81%8D-%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E6%AF%9B%E5%86%85%E6%8B%A1-ebook/dp/B08QHZGHDP?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E8%84%B3&qid=1613463585&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=91509d14d80b1b395bf9e4342a085718&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08QHZGHDP&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08QHZGHDP" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><p><br /></p><p>何か1つ すごく<b>鮮明な記憶</b>を 思い返してください</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Think back to a really <b>vivid memory</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>できましたか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Got it? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>いいですね</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Okay, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>では 3週間前の<b>昼食</b>は何でしたか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">now try to remember what you had for <b>lunch </b>three weeks ago. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>2番目の記憶はおそらく そんなに強いものではないでしょう</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That second memory probably isn't as strong, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>でもどうしてなんでしょうか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but why not? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>なぜ思い出せることと 思い出せないことがあるのでしょう?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Why do we remember some things, and not others? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>そしてなぜ記憶は最終的に<b> 薄れていく</b>のでしょうか?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And why do memories eventually <b>fade</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>そもそも<b>記憶</b>がどう形づくられるのか 見てみましょう</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Let's look at how <b>memories</b> form in the first place. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>何かを<b>体験</b>するとき― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When you <b>experience </b>something, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>例えば電話をかけるとき </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">like dialing a phone number, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>その体験は神経細胞の 電気信号に変換され <b>ニューロンのネットワーク</b>に沿って 勢いよく伝達されます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the experience is converted into a pulse of electrical energy that zips along <b>a network of neurons</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>情報はまず <b>短期記憶</b>に到着します</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Information first lands in <b>short term memory</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ここでその情報に アクセスできるのは 数秒から数分の間です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">where it's available from anywhere from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC-%E8%84%B3%E3%81%AF%E7%96%B2%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-%E3%81%BB%E3%81%BC%E6%97%A5%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E6%B1%A0%E8%B0%B7-%E8%A3%95%E4%BA%8C/dp/4255001545?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC&qid=1613463393&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=cab32286d72881324c00f4ee3f4c5244&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4255001545&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4255001545" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>その後 <b>海馬</b>などの領域を通って その情報は長期記憶に送られ </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It's then transferred to long-term memory through areas such as <b>the hippocampus</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>そして最終的には 脳のあちこちにある<b>貯蔵領域</b>に届きます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and finally to several <b>storage regions</b> across the brain. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>脳全体のニューロンが <b>シナプス</b>と呼ばれる特定の部位を介して 情報伝達しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Neurons throughout the brain communicate at dedicated sites called <b>synapses</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>そこでは特殊な<b>神経伝達物質</b>が 用いられています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">using specialized <b>neurotransmitters</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>2つのニューロンが情報伝達を繰り返すと <b>驚くべきこと</b>が起こります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If two neurons communicate repeatedly, <b>a remarkable thing</b> happens: </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>両者間の<b>情報伝達の 効率</b>が増すのです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the efficiency of communication</b> between them increases. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>「<b>長期増強</b>」と呼ばれる このプロセスが 記憶の長期的貯蔵の メカニズムだと考えられています</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This process, called <b>long term potentiation</b>, is considered to be a mechanism by which memories are stored long-term, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>でも記憶の<b>消失</b>は どのようにして起こるのでしょう?</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but how do some memories get <b>lost</b>? </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>1つの要因は<b>年齢</b>です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Age</b> is one factor. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>歳をとると シナプスが弱って うまく働かなくなり 記憶の検索しやすさに 影響を及ぼします</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">As we get older, synapses begin to falter and weaken, affecting how easily we can retrieve memories. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>科学者はこの<b>衰え</b>の背景について いくつかの説を唱えています</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Scientists have several theories about what's behind this <b>deterioration</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>実際に脳が<b>委縮する</b>という説― </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">from actual brain <b>shrinkage</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>つまり<b>海馬</b>は10年ごとに5%ずつ ニューロンを失い </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the hippocampus</b> loses 5% of its neurons every decade </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>80歳になる頃には 20%が失われるというものです―</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">for a total loss of 20% by the time you're 80 years old </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>それから学習と記憶に不可欠な 伝達物質である <b>アセチルコリン</b>などの生産が 低下するという説もあります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">to the drop in the production of neurotransmitters, </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">like <b>acetylcholine</b>, which is vital to learning and memory. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これらの変化が 貯蔵された情報の<b>検索</b>に 影響を及ぼすと考えられます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These changes seem to affect how people <b>retrieve</b> stored information. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>年齢は<b>記憶を作る能力</b>にも 影響を及ぼします</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Age also affects our <b>memory-making abilities</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>記憶は注意を払っているときに 最も強く<b>符号化</b>されます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Memories are <b>encoded</b> most strongly when we're paying attention, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>物事に深く関わっているときや </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">when we're deeply engaged, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>情報が自分にとって<b>有意義</b>であるときです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and when information is <b>meaningful </b>to us. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>心身の健康問題は 加齢とともに増加する傾向があり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mental and physical health problems, which tend to increase as we age, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>それによって 注意を払う能力が妨害され </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">interfere with our ability to pay attention, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>したがって記憶は失われます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and thus act as memory thieves. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>記憶に関する問題の 別の主要因は <b>慢性的なストレス</b>です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Another leading cause of memory problems is <b>chronic stress</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>仕事や私生活で 責任を常に背負いすぎていると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When we're constantly overloaded with work and personal responsibilites, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>身体は覚醒が<b>過剰に 高まった状態</b>になります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">our bodies are on <b>hyperalert</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>この反応は<b>生理的メカニズム</b>から 発達したもので </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This response has evolved from the <b>physiological mechanism</b> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>危機</b>を確実に生き残れるように 生み出されたものです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">designed to make sure we can survive in <b>a crisis</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ストレス関連の化学物質が エネルギーを供給し <b>覚醒</b>を強めます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Stress chemicals help mobilize energy and increase <b>alertness</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>しかし <b>慢性的にストレス</b>があると 身体がこれらの化学物質で一杯になり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, with <b>chronic stress</b> our bodies become flooded with these chemicals, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>結果的に脳細胞は失われ 新しい細胞を作ることもできず </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">resulting in a loss of brain cells and an inability to form new ones, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>新しい情報を保持する能力に 影響を及ぼします</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">which affects our ability to retain new information. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>抑うつ</b>はもう1つの原因です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Depression</b> is another culprit. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>抑うつ状態</b>にある人は記憶に問題を 抱える可能性が40%増します</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">People who are <b>depressed</b> are 40% more likely to develop memory problems. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>セロトニン</b>という <b>覚醒</b>に関わる神経伝達物質の 量が低下すると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Low levels of <b>serotonin</b>, a neurotransmitter connected to <b>arousal</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>抑うつ状態にある人は新しい情報に 注意を向けにくくなります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">may make depressed individuals less attentive to new information. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>また過去の<b>悲しい出来事</b>をひきずるという 抑うつの もう1つの症状により </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Dwelling on <b>sad events</b> in the past, another symptom of depression, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>現在</b>に注意を払うことが難しくなり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">makes it difficult to pay attention to <b>the present</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>短期記憶</b>を貯蔵する能力が 影響を受けます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">affecting the ability to store <b>short-term memories</b>. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%AD%A4%E7%8B%AC%E8%AB%96-%E9%80%83%E3%81%92%E3%82%88%E3%80%81%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%82%88-%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%85%8E%E5%BC%A5-ebook/dp/B01N5Y9KDL?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AD%A4%E7%8B%AC&qid=1613463805&sr=8-26&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=ea47bd9bf5ee01e548d34b22efedb086&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01N5Y9KDL&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01N5Y9KDL" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>孤立</b>は抑うつと関連しますが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Isolation</b>, which is tied to depression, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>これも記憶を失う もう1つの原因です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">is another memory thief. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>ハーバード公衆衛生大学院の研究によると </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A study by the Harvard School of Public Health found that </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>社会的統合度</b>の高い高齢者は 6年間にわたり 記憶の減衰が 緩やかになることが分かりました</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">older people with high levels of <b>social integration</b> had a slower rate of memory decline over a six-year period. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>この正確な理由は 分かっていませんが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The exact reason remains unclear, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>専門家の推測では <b>対人交流</b>が 脳全体の 運動になるようです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but experts suspect that <b>social interaction</b> gives our brain a mental workout. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><b>筋力</b>とちょうど同じように 脳も使わないでいると 能力が失われかねません</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Just like <b>muscle strength</b>, we have to use our brain or risk losing it. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>でも絶望しないで!</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But don't despair. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>脳をケアして 記憶を守るための いくつかのステップがあります</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">There are several steps you can take to aid your brain in preserving your memories. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>身体を活発に動かしましょう</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Make sure you keep physically active. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>脳への<b>血流</b>を増すことが 役に立ちます</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Increased <b>blood flow</b> to the brain is helpful. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%84%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%92%E3%82%92%E5%87%BA%E3%81%99%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%8B-%E7%99%BD%E6%BE%A4-%E5%8D%93%E4%BA%8C-ebook/dp/B08N68GZ3B?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1613463585&sr=8-29&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=1ebebd761302e1d35eacec6f4c1ca8a3&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08N68GZ3B&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08N68GZ3B" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして きちんと食べましょう</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And eat well. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>脳が正しい機能を保つには <b>きちんとした栄養</b>が必要です</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Your brain needs all <b>the</b> <b>right nutrients</b> to keep functioning correctly. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>最後に 脳を運動させましょう</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And finally, give your brain a workout. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>新しい言語を学習するなど 脳を難しい課題に挑戦させることは </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Exposing your brain to challenges, like learning a new language, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p>記憶を無傷に保つための <b>最良の防御</b>の1つです</p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">is one of <b>the best defenses</b> for keeping your memories intact. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%84%B3%E3%82%92%E9%8D%9B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E3%81%97%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%EF%BC%81%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E8%84%B3%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%A2%97%E3%82%84%E3%81%97%E6%96%B9-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%AA%EF%BC%8E%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3-ebook/dp/B00JDLBEFW?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC&qid=1613463393&sr=8-10&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=827cc7a54afb7c25d008905913ec787b&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00JDLBEFW&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00JDLBEFW" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-35961522264407115792021-02-11T21:58:00.002+09:002021-02-17T06:31:43.394+09:00【TED-Ed】渡り鳥は月へと飛んでゆくのか?<p> </p><p>from: TED-Ed</p><p><br /></p><p><b>鳥の渡りに関する3つの奇説</b></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/lucy_cooke_3_bizarre_and_delightful_ancient_theories_about_bird_migration?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">3 bizarre (and delightful) ancient theories about bird migration</a></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%B8%A1%E3%82%8A%E9%B3%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E6%A3%AE%E6%9C%AC-%E5%85%83/dp/4895315746?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B8%A1%E3%82%8A%E9%B3%A5&qid=1613047677&sr=8-22&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=0585c13bca18888b6111496b771c68b6&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4895315746&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4895315746" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>1822年5月 クリスチャン・ルートヴィヒ・ フォン・ボスマー伯爵は 北ドイツの城の敷地内で <b>コウノトリ</b>を撃ち落としました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In May of 1822, Count Christian Ludwig von Bothmer shot down <b>a stork</b> over his castle grounds in North Germany. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし その鳥を仕留めたのは 彼が初めてではありませんでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, he wasn’t the first person to hunt that specific bird. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コウノトリを回収した際に ボスマーはその鳥に約90センチの <b>木の槍</b>が突き刺さっているのを目にけました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Upon recovering the stork, von Bothmer found it impaled by a yard long <b>wooden spear</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>地元の教授は その武器は <b>アフリカ</b>のものだと同定しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A local professor determined the weapon was <b>African</b> in origin, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このコウノトリはどういうわけか アフリカで槍で刺された後 伯爵の城まで <b>2500キロ以上</b>飛んで来たのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">suggesting that somehow, this stork was speared in Africa and then flew <b>over 2,500 kilometers</b> to the count’s castle. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8E%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%81%AE%E7%BF%BC-%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AA%E3%81%96%E3%81%97-%E9%B7%B2%E8%B0%B7-%E3%81%84%E3%81%A5%E3%81%BF-ebook/dp/B01HNTKCCQ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8E%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA&qid=1613047901&sr=8-311&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=58a37ee6ee25a62886fb05c8d4c18f43&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01HNTKCCQ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01HNTKCCQ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>この驚異的な飛行は コウノトリの回復力の証拠のみならず 何世紀にもわたって科学者を悩ませてきた 謎を解く重要な<b>手がかり</b>となったのです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This astonishing flight wasn’t just evidence of the stork’s resilience. It was an essential <b>clue</b> in a mystery that plagued scientists for centuries: </span></p><p><br /></p><p>鳥が季節ごとに<b>姿を消す</b>という謎です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">the seasonal <b>disappearance</b> of birds. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>現在 私たちが<b>渡り</b>と呼ぶ 鳥が毎年姿をくらます行動について 古代の博物学者たちの中で さまざまな学説がありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Ancient naturalists had various theories to explain the annual vanishing act we now know as <b>migration</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>アリストテレス</b>は 特に評判のよい 3つの説を提唱しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Aristotle</b> himself proposed three particularly popular ideas. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その1つに 鳥は季節に合わせて 体を<b>変化させる</b>という説がありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">One theory was that birds <b>transformed</b> into different bodies that suited the season.</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/CCJFSAH-HD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E9%B3%A5%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%869011363%EF%BC%88%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A01000%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AB-19x27%EF%BC%89/dp/B08KTJJR2L?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%81%86%E3%81%90%E3%81%84%E3%81%99&qid=1613048008&sr=8-70&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3bee074944d4249d84f3034ca16484dd&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08KTJJR2L&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08KTJJR2L" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>例えば夏場に姿を現す<b>ウグイス</b>は 毎年冬になると黒い帽子をかぶる とされていましたが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For example, summer time <b>garden warblers</b> were believed to transform into black caps every winter. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>決して同時に現れることがないものの 実際には形や大きさが似ている別種です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In reality these are two distinct species— similar in shape and size, but never appearing at the same time. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>その後 何世紀にもわたり 鳥は人間 植物 さらには船の<b>材木</b>にまで 変身すると言われていました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Over the following centuries, birds were said to morph into humans, plants, and even <b>the timbers</b> of ships. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この最後の<b>変身</b>は多くのキリスト教の聖職者に 特に人気がありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This last <b>transmutation</b> was especially popular with many Christian clergy. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>もし<b>カオジロガン</b>が 本当に木でできていたなら 聖職者たちはベジタリアンとみなされ 肉を断った期間も楽しめたことでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">If <b>barnacle geese</b> were truly made of wood, they could be deemed vegetarian and enjoyed during meatless fasts. </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Counted-Cross-Stitch-Pattern-PROFESSIONALLY-ebook/dp/B00P58907Q?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=barnacle+geese&qid=1613048108&sr=8-12&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=473fe919d8cf719acbe2eb174c298f39&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00P58907Q&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B00P58907Q" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>アリストテレスの より真実味がある 2番目の仮説は鳥は<b>冬眠する</b>というものでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aristotle’s second and even more enduring hypothesis was that birds <b>hibernate</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これは それほど非現実的ではありません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This isn’t so far-fetched. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>種によっては 短く深い眠りに入り 心拍数や<b>代謝</b>を低下させるものもいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some species do enter short, deep sleeps which lower their heart rates and <b>metabolisms</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>実際 <b>冬眠する鳥</b>は少なくとも1種はいます </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And there’s at least one truly <b>hibernating bird</b>: </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>プアーウィルヨタカ</b>は 北アメリカの砂漠で冬眠します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>the common poorwill</b> sleeps out winters in the deserts of North America. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし研究者たちは19世紀に入ってからも もっと奇抜な<b>冬眠</b>の方法を提案しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But researchers were proposing much more outlandish forms of <b>hibernation</b> well into the 19th century. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ツバメは羽が抜け 穴の中で冬眠したり 湖や川の底で冬を越すという考えでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Barn swallows were said to remove their feathers and hibernate in holes, or sleep through the winter at the bottom of lakes and rivers. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>アリストテレスの3つめの説は より合理的で 現実的な<b>移住</b>のようなものです </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aristotle’s final theory was much more reasonable, and resembled something like realistic <b>migration</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし この説はまた<b>極端なもの</b>に発展します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">However, this idea was also taken to <b>extremes</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>1666年に 移住論を唱える第一人者が 毎年冬になると 鳥は<b>月</b>に向かって 飛んでいくと確信しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In 1666, the leading migration advocate was convinced that each winter, birds flew to <b>the moon</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>著名な研究者がこのような<b>奇想天外なこと</b>を 考えるのは奇妙に思えるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">It might seem strange that prominent researchers considered such <b>bizarre ideas</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>しかし実際のところ 渡りの本当の話は 彼らの<b>荒唐無稽な理論</b>よりもさらに 信じがたいものなのかもしれません </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But to be fair, the true story of migration may be even harder to believe than their <b>wildest theories</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>全鳥類の約20%が毎年 <b>温暖な気候</b>と新鮮な食料を求めて 地球上を移動しています </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Roughly 20% of all bird species migrate each year, following <b>warm weather</b> and fresh food around the planet. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><b>北半球</b>で夏を過ごす鳥の場合 </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For birds who spend their summers in <b>the northern hemisphere</b>, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>この旅は700kmから 17000km以上にも及び 中には<b>4ヶ月</b>もかけて 移動するものもあります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">this journey can span from 700 to over 17,000 kilometers, with some flights lasting as long as <b>four months</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>大洋を渡る鳥たちは <b>100時間以上</b>も 休むことなしに空を飛ぶこともあるでしょう </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Birds who migrate across oceans may soar without stopping for <b>over 100 hours</b>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p>飛んだままで 眠たり食べたりしながら 果てしなく続く大海原を 星や風の流れ 地球の<b>磁場</b>を頼りに移動します </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sleeping and eating on the fly, they navigate the endless ocean by the stars, wind currents, and Earth’s <b>magnetic field</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>これらの<b>壮大な旅</b>の詳細を追跡することは 極めて困難です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Tracking the specifics of these <b>epic expeditions</b> is notoriously difficult. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>また鳥たちは可能な限り最も<b>直線的なルート</b>を 通ることが多いのですが </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And while birds often take the most <b>direct route</b> possible, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>嵐や人間による開発のせいで そのルートが変わることがあり </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">storms and human development can alter their paths, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>移動経路の解明が さらに複雑になります </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">further complicating our attempts to chart migration. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>幸いなことに フォン・ボスマー伯爵の<b>コウノトリ</b>は ヨーロッパのコウノトリが冬に南下することを 物理的に証明してくれただけでなく </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Fortunately, Count von Bothmer’s <b>stork</b> offered physical proof not only that European storks were migrating south for the winter, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>どこへ移動していたのかも 示してくれました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">but also where they were migrating to. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨーロッパ中の<b>鳥類学者たち</b>は このコウノトリの航跡を 地図に表そうと躍起になりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Ornithologists</b> across the continent were eager to map the trajectory of this flight,</span></p><p><br /></p><p>ヨハネス・ティエネマンもその1人でした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">including Johannes Thienemann. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>世界初の常設鳥類<b>観測所</b>の所有者です </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Owner of the world’s first permanent bird <b>observatory</b>, </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Rossitten-Drei-Jahrzehnte-Kurischen-Nehrung/dp/3891045913?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=Johannes+Thienemann&qid=1613048276&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=164fd3c0f7f4ca88a718b666ef87103e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=3891045913&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=3891045913" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>ティエネマンは鳥類研究における 第一人者でありました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Thienemann was a major public advocate for the study of birds. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして この分野における 最大の謎を解くために ドイツ中から 大勢のボランティアを集めました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And to solve the field’s biggest mystery, he wrangled an army of volunteers from across Germany. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼のチームは2000羽のコウノトリの足に <b>アルミの輪</b>をつけ そこに 個体番号と 彼のオフィスの住所を記しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">His team used <b>aluminum rings</b> to tag the legs of two thousand storks with unique numbers and the address of his offices. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>そして この実験をできるだけ広く宣伝しました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Then he advertised the initiative as widely as possible. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>彼の願いは 実験の話が アフリカにまで伝わり タグを見つけた人たちが 情報を添えて これを送り返してくれることでした </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">His hope was that word of the experiment would find its way to Africa, so people finding the tags would know to mail them back with more information. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>案の定 1908年から1913年まで ティエネマンは178個の輪を受け取り そのうち48個は<b>アフリカ</b>で発見されました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sure enough, from 1908 to 1913, Thienemann received 178 rings, 48 of which had been found in <b>Africa</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p>このデータをもとに 彼は 初の発見となる移動ルート図を作成し </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Using this data, he plotted the first migration route ever discovered, </span></p><p><br /></p><p>コウノトリが<b>月</b>に飛んでいたのではないことが 決定的になりました </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">and definitively established that storks were not, in fact, flying to <b>the moon</b>. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%B8%A1%E3%82%8A%E9%B3%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9-NEWTON%E3%83%A0%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E2%80%95%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-%E6%A3%AE%E4%B8%8B-%E9%BA%BB%E7%9F%A2%E5%AD%90/dp/4315515442?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E6%B8%A1%E3%82%8A%E9%B3%A5&qid=1613047677&sr=8-28&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=39c8eadb8368f11ac8529f40f21b0a50&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4315515442&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4315515442" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-5445126280557462502021-02-09T12:50:00.001+09:002021-02-09T12:50:20.647+09:00【TED-Ed】 動物の寿命は何が決めるのか?<p>from: TED-Ed</p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/joao_pedro_de_magalhaes_why_do_animals_have_such_different_lifespans?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank"> Why do animals have such different lifespans?</a></span></b></p><p>なぜ動物たちの寿命はこれほどまでに異なるのか?</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%84%E3%81%8D%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E3%81%9A%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A2%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%82%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E6%A7%98%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%80%8D-%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%85%E5%BA%83%E4%BA%8C-ebook/dp/B07H7JHGDZ?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1612841681&sr=8-22&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=7643cdc7a2240f49a40f5b102dcae9e2&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07H7JHGDZ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B07H7JHGDZ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For the microscopic lab worm, <b>C. elegans</b> life equates to just <b>a few short weeks</b> on Earth. </span></p><p>研究でよく使われる 顕微鏡サイズの線虫<b>C. エレガンス</b>は 数週間でその短い一生を終えます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Compare that with <b>the tortoise</b>, which can age to <b>more than 100 years</b>. </span></p><p>100年以上も生きる<b>カメ</b>とは対照的です </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Mice</b> and <b>rats</b> reach the end of their lives after just <b>four years</b>, while for <b>the bowhead whale</b>, Earth's longest-lived mammal, death can come after <b>200</b>. </span></p><p><b>マウス</b>や<b>ラット</b>が 4年で寿命に達するのに対し 地球の哺乳類の中で寿命が最も長い <b>ホッキョククジラ</b>は 200歳を越えてから 死を迎えることもあります </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9-%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%BC%E3%81%86-%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%8F%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1-%E5%9D%AA%E7%94%B0-%E6%95%8F%E7%94%B7/dp/462130450X?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9&qid=1612842053&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=3c0e0ae1658c6cc2da45de60540d9d8f&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=462130450X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=462130450X" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Like most living things, the vast majority of animals gradually degenerate after reaching sexual maturity in the process known as <b>aging</b>. </span></p><p>ほとんどの生物と同様に 大半の動物は性的成熟に達した後 徐々に衰えていき その過程は<b>「老化」</b>と呼ばれます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But what does it really mean to <b>age</b>? </span></p><p>では<b>老化</b>とは どういう意味でしょうか? </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The drivers behind this process are varied and complicated, but aging is ultimately caused by <b>cell death</b> and <b>dysfunction</b>. </span></p><p>この過程を引き起こす要因は 多様で複雑ですが 最終的に 老化は <b>細胞死</b>と<b>機能障害</b>によって起こります </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When we're young, we constantly regenerate cells in order to replace dead and dying ones. </span></p><p>私たちは若いうちに 絶えず細胞を再生することで 死んだ細胞や死にかけた細胞を 取り替えます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But as we age, this process slows down. </span></p><p>しかし年を取るごとに このプロセスは遅くなります </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In addition, older cells don't perform their functions as well as young ones. </span></p><p>さらに 古い細胞は若い細胞のようには 上手く機能を果たせなくなり </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">That makes our bodies go into a decline, which eventually results in <b>disease</b> and <b>death</b>. </span></p><p>私たちの体は衰退し 結果的に<b>病気</b>や<b>死</b>をもたらします </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AF%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B%EF%BC%9F-PHP%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB-%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0-%E6%B8%85%E5%BD%A6-ebook/dp/B016ZEIRIQ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD&qid=1612841681&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=85131f1f3e8762156bf1dcd4acc5aa5e&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B016ZEIRIQ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B016ZEIRIQ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But if that's consistently true, why the huge variance in <b>aging patterns</b> and <b>lifespan</b> within the animal kingdom? </span></p><p>しかし これが一貫した真実であるなら なぜ動物界には <b>老化パターン</b>と<b>寿命</b>に これほど大きな違いがあるのでしょうか? </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The answer lies in several factors, including <b>environment</b> and <b>body size</b>. </span></p><p>その答えには いくつかの要因が関係しており <b>環境</b>や <b>体の大きさ</b>もその一つです </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">These can place powerful <b>evolutionary pressures</b> on animals to adapt, which in turn makes the aging process different across species. </span></p><p>これらの要因が動物たちに 適応するための強力な<b>進化的な圧力</b>をかけ 種の間で 老化プロセスに 違いを生みだします </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Consider the cold depths of the Atlantic and Arctic Seas, where <b>Greenland sharks</b> can live to <b>over 400 years</b>, and the Arctic clam known as <b>the quahog</b> can live up to <b>500</b>. </span></p><p>大西洋や北極海の 冷たく深い海を例にすると そこに住む<b>ニシオンデンザメ</b>は 約400歳以上 また<b> ホンビノスガイ</b>の名で知られる 北極海に棲む貝は500歳まで生きられます </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E8%B2%9D-%E5%A4%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA-%E7%99%BD%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA-%E7%B4%845kg%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%89%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%B4%E9%80%81%EF%BC%89%E6%84%9B%E7%9F%A5-%E4%BB%96%E3%80%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%EF%BC%95K%E3%80%91/dp/B01IELIYXQ?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4&qid=1612842251&sr=8-7&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2ec8f7af7d0f96035b478e0eeb373934&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01IELIYXQ&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B01IELIYXQ" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Perhaps the most impressive of these ocean-dwelling ancients is <b>the Antarctic glass sponge</b>, which can survive <b>over 10,000 years</b> in frigid waters. </span></p><p>恐らく これらの海に棲む古代生物の中で 最も印象的なのは南極に棲む<b>ガラス海綿類</b>で 極寒の海の中で <b>1万年以上</b>も生き延びることができます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In <b>cold environments</b> like these, heartbeats and metabolic rates slow down. </span></p><p>このような<b>冷たい環境</b>では 心拍や代謝率は低下し </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Researchers theorize that this also causes a slowing of the aging process. </span></p><p>それもまた老化プロセスを遅らせると 研究者は考えます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In this way, the environment shapes <b>longevity</b>. </span></p><p>このように 環境によって <b>長寿</b>となることもあります </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">When it comes to <b>size</b>, it's often, but not always, the case that larger species have a longer lifespan than smaller ones. </span></p><p><b>体の大きさ</b>に関しては 必ずではありませんが たいてい 大型種の方が 小型種よりも長生きします </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">For instance, an elephant or whale will live much longer than a mouse, rat, or vole, which in turn have years on <b>flies</b> and <b>worms</b>. </span></p><p>例えば ゾウやクジラは マウスやラット ハタネズミより長生きし また これらの生き物は より小さい <b>ハエ</b>や<b>虫</b>よりも はるかに長く生きます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Some small animals, like worms and flies, are also limited by the mechanics of their <b>cell division</b>. </span></p><p>蠕虫やハエなどの小型動物の寿命は <b>細胞分裂</b>の仕組みにより 制約を受けています </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">They're mostly made up of cells that can't divide and be replaced when damaged, so their bodies expire more quickly. </span></p><p>これら動物のほとんどの細胞は 損傷を受けても分裂や置換が不可能であるため 体が長くもたないのです </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E7%89%A9%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E4%B8%87%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E3%82%92%E3%81%82%E3%81%A4%E3%82%81%E3%81%9F%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91-%E3%82%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%90%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8A/dp/4866070102?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1612841681&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=1de587f3b4c72092cb14b706057c5fdf&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4866070102&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4866070102" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">And size is a powerful <b>evolutionary driver</b> in animals. </span></p><p>また体の大きさは動物において 強力な<b>進化の推進要因</b>です </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Smaller creatures are more prone to predators. </span></p><p>小型の生物は捕食されやすく </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>A mouse</b>, for instance, can hardly expect to survive more than a year in the wild. </span></p><p>例えば <b>マウス</b>は 野生で1年も生き延びることはできません </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So, it has evolved to grow and reproduce more rapidly, like an evolutionary defense mechanism against its shorter lifespan. </span></p><p>そのため より早く成長 生殖する 進化的な防御機構などで 短い寿命に対抗するよう進化しました </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Larger animals, by contrast, are better at fending off predators, and so they have the luxury of time to grow to large sizes and reproduce multiple times during their lives. </span></p><p>一方で 大型動物は 捕食を回避するのにより優れているため 大きく成長するための 時間の余裕ができ 一生の間に 複数回生殖することができます </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Exceptions </b>to the size rule include <b>bats</b>, <b>birds</b>, <b>moles</b>, and <b>turtles</b>, but in each case, these animals have other adaptations that allow them to escape predators. </span></p><p>体の大きさのルールの<b>例外</b>として <b>コウモリ</b>や<b>鳥</b>、<b>モグラ</b>、<b>カメ</b>が挙げられます どの場合においても 彼らはそれぞれの適応の仕方で 捕食動物から逃げることができます </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%8C%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AF8%E5%89%B2%E3%81%8C%E2%80%9C%E3%81%94%E3%81%AF%E3%82%93-%E3%81%A7%E6%B1%BA%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B-%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F-%E5%AD%9D%E4%B8%89/dp/4575314498?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1612841681&sr=8-13&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c40cef7b13f79bd0f7f05ecff0911dd4&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4575314498&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=4575314498" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But there are still cases where animals with similar defining features, like size and habitat, age at completely different rates. </span></p><p>しかし 動物の寿命を特徴づける 大きさや生息環境といった 要素が似ていても 全く異なる速度で 老化する場合があります </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In these cases, <b>genetic differences</b>, like how each organism's cells respond to threats, often account for the discrepancies in longevity. </span></p><p>この場合 <b>遺伝に起因する差異</b>― 例えば脅威に対する 細胞の反応の仕方などが 寿命が異なる主な原因となります </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So it's the combination of all these factors playing out to differing degrees in different animals that explains <b>the variability</b> we see in the animal kingdom. </span></p><p>つまり これら全ての要因が それぞれの動物に 異なる度合いで組み合わさり 私たちが見る動物界の<b>多様性</b>を 生み出すのです </p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8B-%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8-%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%9D-%E9%81%94%E9%9B%84-ebook/dp/B019SQ4C6Y?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD&qid=1612841681&sr=8-4&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=ca2538a38b2b1e70b93a19df5a5abc35&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B019SQ4C6Y&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" ></a><img src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B019SQ4C6Y" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So what about <b>us</b>? </span></p><p>では <b>人間</b>はどうでしょう? </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Humans currently have an average life expectancy of <b>71 years</b>, meaning that we're not even close to being the longest living inhabitants on Earth. </span></p><p>現在 人間の平均寿命は<b>71歳</b>で 地球上の最長寿命の生物になるには ほど遠いのです </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">But we are very good at increasing our <b>life expectancy</b>. </span></p><p>しかし私たちは <b>平均寿命</b>を延ばすのに非常に長けています </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In the early 1900s, humans only lived an average of <b>50 years</b>. </span></p><p>1900年代初頭 人間は平均<b>50年</b>しか生きられませんでした </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Since then, we've learned to adapt by managing many of the factors that cause deaths, like <b>environmental exposure</b> and <b>nutrition</b>. </span></p><p>それ以来 多くの死を招く要因について 管理することで 人間は適応してきました 例えば 「<b>環境暴露</b>」や<b>栄養</b>も 管理できるようになりました </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">This, and other increases in life expectancy make us possibly the only species on Earth to take control over our <b>natural fate</b>.</span></p><p>管理と 平均寿命を延ばす その他の手段により 私たち人間は おそらく地球上で唯一 <b>生まれながらの定めである死</b>を コントロールできる種となったのです</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%EF%BC%AC%EF%BC%A9%EF%BC%A6%EF%BC%A5%EF%BC%B3%EF%BC%B0%EF%BC%A1%EF%BC%AE%EF%BC%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%89%E2%80%95%E8%80%81%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8D%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C-%E3%83%87%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%EF%BC%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2-ebook/dp/B08DY7P44P?__mk_ja_JP=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A&dchild=1&keywords=%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD&qid=1612841681&sr=8-5&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=e2ea244af79a3ea7d259d4f0a2c42863&language=ja_JP&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B08DY7P44P&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&language=ja_JP&l=li3&o=9&a=B08DY7P44P" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-38534999810825122372018-05-12T09:10:00.001+09:002018-05-12T09:10:08.624+09:00ニワトリから恐竜をつくろう【チキノザウルス】<br />
ジャック・ホーナー<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Jack Horner</span><br />
ニワトリから恐竜をうみだす<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Building a dinosaur from a chicken</span><br />
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<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>00:12</i></span><br />
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モンタナで育った幼少期 私には二つの夢がありました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When I was growing up in Montana, I had two dreams. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜の 古生物学者になる事と<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I wanted to be a paleontologist, a dinosaur paleontologist, </span><br />
<br />
恐竜をペットにする事<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur. </span><br />
<br />
私はそのために全人生を 捧げてきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so that's what I've been striving for all of my life. </span><br />
<br />
運には恵まれていました キャリアの早い段階で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I was very fortunate early in my career. </span><br />
<br />
私は幸運にも 掘り当てることが出来ました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I was fortunate in finding things. </span><br />
<br />
読書は私の専門外で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I wasn't very good at reading things. </span><br />
<br />
実際 殆ど読書はしません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, I don't read much of anything. </span><br />
<br />
私は極度の失読症で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I am extremely dyslexic, </span><br />
<br />
読む事が苦痛で仕方ないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and so reading is the hardest thing I do. </span><br />
<br />
その代わりに外で物を見つけては<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But instead, I go out and I find things. </span><br />
<br />
拾っているんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Then I just pick things up. </span><br />
<br />
大抵は路上でお金を見つける練習をしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I basically practice for finding money on the street. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
丘をぶらぶらしている時も<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I wander about the hills, </span><br />
<br />
なにか発見をしたことがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and I have found a few things.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>01:05</i></span><br />
<br />
西半球における世界初の 恐竜の卵 巣にいる幼竜 胚 そして大量の骨の化石を 一度に見つけられたのは とても幸運な事でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I have been fortunate enough to find things like the first eggs in the Western hemisphere and the first baby dinosaurs in nests, the first dinosaur embryos and massive accumulations of bones. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9I4zj7uS2yqDY5d1BLqIZnnAD_1HXxNJKFtIId4PrzQlxLnqQFhQCa5D1b1omoj2tB72umvcKg_1xdoJsFNPShIxRy6UM74ANUPmOKUnfz-DqS1IzRb1KGjenwwKMfsLhxNJ1A8z9iZo/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528120%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9I4zj7uS2yqDY5d1BLqIZnnAD_1HXxNJKFtIId4PrzQlxLnqQFhQCa5D1b1omoj2tB72umvcKg_1xdoJsFNPShIxRy6UM74ANUPmOKUnfz-DqS1IzRb1KGjenwwKMfsLhxNJ1A8z9iZo/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528120%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
恐竜は巨大で 無知な緑色の爬虫類という 認識が変わりだした頃に この機会は訪れました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And it happened to be at a time when people were just starting to begin to realize that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid, green reptiles that people had thought for so many years. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜は特別な生き物という 考えが広まった頃でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">People were starting to get an idea that dinosaurs were special.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>01:40</i></span><br />
<br />
そして 私が同僚と おもしろい仮説を打ち立てた 時期でもありました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so, at that time, I was able to make some interesting hypotheses along with my colleagues. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜が巣を作り 共同生活を営んだり 若者には餌を与えたりと 世話上手であり 移動は巨大な群れで していたという仮説を 手元の証拠をもとに 発表することが出来ました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We were able to actually say that dinosaurs -- based on the evidence we had -- that dinosaurs built nests and lived in colonies and cared for their young, brought food to their babies and traveled in gigantic herds. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1XZf51vllpGzDB-U7has2klvQTzx-poO7ZYQ6NzmknrW8psqFEJmEa57gzGhJzGpXPkmqd-SPDPEWtMbO_sFbeoWrrUAZFlrvaklT5ZRMfdde3z0-AYNcVe9qwg7kuBlbeGdIhjqz0k/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528121%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg1XZf51vllpGzDB-U7has2klvQTzx-poO7ZYQ6NzmknrW8psqFEJmEa57gzGhJzGpXPkmqd-SPDPEWtMbO_sFbeoWrrUAZFlrvaklT5ZRMfdde3z0-AYNcVe9qwg7kuBlbeGdIhjqz0k/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528121%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
発見はここで終わらず 後に 恐竜が社交的な生物であることが判明しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So it was pretty interesting stuff. I have gone on to find more things and discover that dinosaurs really were very social. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜は成長の過程で 変化がおこるという 多くの証拠がみつかっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We have found a lot of evidence that dinosaurs changed from when they were juveniles to when they were adults. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRy8kRB88hBjlb91rxMlfjMmQJ-331-OsukUMTQwmOwscBSwsHyC3AROsvV-PWwqaB3MbKob7M3ad5ajjH2UK7hw0JuAsoiLRVJdt10NkajEdSbn3U1CzRZByTrKBbayJityk6MbUgfU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528122%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRy8kRB88hBjlb91rxMlfjMmQJ-331-OsukUMTQwmOwscBSwsHyC3AROsvV-PWwqaB3MbKob7M3ad5ajjH2UK7hw0JuAsoiLRVJdt10NkajEdSbn3U1CzRZByTrKBbayJityk6MbUgfU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528122%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
社会的な動物にみられるように 幼竜と成竜の外見は異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The appearance of them would have been different -- which it is in all social animals. </span><br />
<br />
社会的な動物においては 得てして幼体は成体と見た目が異なっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In social groups of animals, the juveniles always look different than the adults. </span><br />
<br />
成体が幼体を 幼体が成体を 見分けられるようにするためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The adults can recognize the juveniles; the juveniles can recognize the adults. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhxJFOzvBgE8HtSfZfBrmSEkkmP6vpT_2BFja7u-mwfLamUi8qoM6jt2t3xHinyjms-sB3XGKUHDfxEzGJKKVt3Sp5rGHmQOKLKLR8UyMh1t7xUQLLF6BmSOL7xdHRXXR9m-YmPs6rWaY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528123%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhxJFOzvBgE8HtSfZfBrmSEkkmP6vpT_2BFja7u-mwfLamUi8qoM6jt2t3xHinyjms-sB3XGKUHDfxEzGJKKVt3Sp5rGHmQOKLKLR8UyMh1t7xUQLLF6BmSOL7xdHRXXR9m-YmPs6rWaY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528123%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
恐竜の見た目のわかりやすい図を こんな風に作りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so we're making a better picture of what a dinosaur looks like. </span><br />
<br />
ジープを追いかけ回すだけではないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they didn't just all chase Jeeps around.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>02:47</i></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Jurassic-Park-Michael-Crichton/dp/1784752223/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1526078829&sr=8-4&keywords=Michael+Crichton&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=f0af98479e890d215507a3f6e2ecabe9" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1784752223&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=1784752223" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
この社交面こそが マイケル・クライトンを魅了したのではないでしょうか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it is that social thing that I guess attracted Michael Crichton. </span><br />
<br />
彼の<a href="https://amzn.to/2KX4vrU">著書(ジュラシックパーク)で </a>恐竜は社会的な動物として描かれ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And in his book, he talked about the social animals. </span><br />
<br />
もちろんスティーブン・スティルバーグも 恐竜をとても社会的な生物として 描写しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And then Steven Spielberg, of course, depicts these dinosaurs as being very social creatures. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgELgb-E3JbVeyPLE9nDUOMY76fIg3hvjrLCGDyShLznWWFt8Duyp5G-fLWct1tGC2rAY1cRZFuubTWFtyoQy2y79T7qejneD1p3HCvYlxZvE4BLwZHWFyPNW8snweHQWOXHam6CseixAQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528124%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgELgb-E3JbVeyPLE9nDUOMY76fIg3hvjrLCGDyShLznWWFt8Duyp5G-fLWct1tGC2rAY1cRZFuubTWFtyoQy2y79T7qejneD1p3HCvYlxZvE4BLwZHWFyPNW8snweHQWOXHam6CseixAQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528124%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
この映画のテーマは恐竜を再現して 観客をジュラシックパークの一部へと引き込むことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The theme of this story is building a dinosaur, and so we come to that part of "Jurassic Park." </span><br />
<br />
マイケル・クライトンは恐竜を蘇らせる事を 提言した最初の人でもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Michael Crichton really was one of the first people to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life. </span><br />
<br />
ストーリーはご存知の通りです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You all know the story, right. </span><br />
<br />
皆さん<a href="https://amzn.to/2G8Fma6">ジュラシックパーク</a>を見た事ありますよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I mean, I assume everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park."</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF-DVD-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E5%88%9D%E5%9B%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A-%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88/dp/B019BUSK2Y/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=dvd&ie=UTF8&qid=1526078732&sr=1-3&keywords=%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=2f4b4734740602d658f95f34deda23ec" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B019BUSK2Y&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=B019BUSK2Y" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />
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<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>03:23</i></span><br />
<br />
もし恐竜を作り出すのなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you want to make a dinosaur, </span><br />
<br />
琥珀とも呼ばれている 石化樹液に吸血昆虫が 含まれているものを探し出します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you go out, you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap -- otherwise known as amber -- that has some blood-sucking insects in it, </span><br />
<br />
運良く 昆虫の入った琥珀が見つかったら そこからDNAを吸い出します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">good ones, and you get your insect and you drill into it and you suck out some DNA, </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitob4IrmQpyYKZaovR2_ocLLr_VlmJ6bzhJXfMTkW8UX2xl7TEcsB6J_CZ3ZhYWTXCayXLR6uk3nlLp_h89q9Hx0bIElv4BN8O73nfC16UXwiNye41wkMhh6G_6HiyNhRCkuVZDGPCvpY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528126%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitob4IrmQpyYKZaovR2_ocLLr_VlmJ6bzhJXfMTkW8UX2xl7TEcsB6J_CZ3ZhYWTXCayXLR6uk3nlLp_h89q9Hx0bIElv4BN8O73nfC16UXwiNye41wkMhh6G_6HiyNhRCkuVZDGPCvpY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528126%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
その頃の吸血昆虫は 恐竜の血液を吸っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those days sucked dinosaur DNA out. </span><br />
<br />
そして血液を研究室に持ち帰り DNAクローン(複製)を行います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And you take your DNA back to the laboratory and you clone it. </span><br />
<br />
ダチョウかなにかのタマゴに DNAを導入し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg, or something like that, </span><br />
<br />
少し待つと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and then you wait, </span><br />
<br />
ご覧なさい<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and, lo and behold, </span><br />
<br />
恐竜の赤ちゃんが生まれるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">out pops a little baby dinosaur. </span><br />
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<br />
<br />
これでみんなハッピーですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And everybody's happy about that. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
何度も同じ事を繰り返し 続けていくのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they're happy over and over again. </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">They keep doing it; </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">they just keep making these things.</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
何度も 何度も 何度もです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And then, then, then, and then ... </span><br />
<br />
すると 社会的な恐竜が 社会的に行動し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Then the dinosaurs, being social, act out their socialness, </span><br />
<br />
群れをなして 共謀し始めます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they get together, and they conspire. </span><br />
<br />
スピルバーグの映画では共謀した恐竜が 人々を襲い始めます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And, of course, that's what makes Steven Spielberg's movie -- conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1I5HffU1kneds6J4WGe_go11zEmnxUnwTj62s-zo69LP2AwHdaOmB-jrjR1m8wGJok9p1QEtfgz_0twWWwHME7UN2IetvvWxVQWa27PR12fEU-vCstgsSU8qNujDmwM8stlV8K8O0WKg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528128%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1I5HffU1kneds6J4WGe_go11zEmnxUnwTj62s-zo69LP2AwHdaOmB-jrjR1m8wGJok9p1QEtfgz_0twWWwHME7UN2IetvvWxVQWa27PR12fEU-vCstgsSU8qNujDmwM8stlV8K8O0WKg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528128%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>04:36</i></span><br />
<br />
こう仮定しましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So I assume everybody knows that </span><br />
<br />
実際に 昆虫の入った琥珀を用いて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it, </span><br />
<br />
この昆虫からDNAらしきものを取り出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you drilled into it, and you got something out of that insect, </span><br />
<br />
何度も何度もクローンを 続けると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you cloned it, and you did it over and over and over again, </span><br />
<br />
最終的には部屋が 蚊であふれかえるだけでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you'd have a room full of mosquitos. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"> (笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(拍手) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Applause) </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotB9yAdYEuyO9ZPs8CkpHM7s18zCZKEpMGZqs7pbbV9zMkSXNlOY8RWPw8aZxqJ74MuHK4Us_vozCflGl3t7JSRp5NxSrRdmeU7KZ906lCutPOj74dKDMBgyr-NAb4pcgvVFNDn77d4Y/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528130%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotB9yAdYEuyO9ZPs8CkpHM7s18zCZKEpMGZqs7pbbV9zMkSXNlOY8RWPw8aZxqJ74MuHK4Us_vozCflGl3t7JSRp5NxSrRdmeU7KZ906lCutPOj74dKDMBgyr-NAb4pcgvVFNDn77d4Y/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528130%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
もしくは木々が生い茂るだけでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>05:01</i></span><br />
<br />
もし恐竜のDNAを入手したいのなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now if you want dinosaur DNA, </span><br />
<br />
恐竜に頼るべきなのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I say go to the dinosaur. </span><br />
<br />
これが私たちの手法です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So that's what we've done. </span><br />
<br />
この映画が公開された1993年に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Back in 1993 when the movie came out, </span><br />
<br />
米国科学財団の助成金を得て 恐竜からDNA抽出を試みました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we actually had a grant from the National Science Foundation to attempt to extract DNA from a dinosaur, </span><br />
<br />
左側の恐竜を選びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and we chose the dinosaur on the left, </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKcYR7HWR2_0Np-YOYnmY6b_6R_Hc10GnHnGFxo5s7KxyuMjoUYSWMVyucuV-eerXLYBq9usrAycfDBIA7koHFlsED68INkYQ7JzBzvUUncGQAWlq3I_17gRdKTj7SUMTD7HYG7gH3Eg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528131%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKcYR7HWR2_0Np-YOYnmY6b_6R_Hc10GnHnGFxo5s7KxyuMjoUYSWMVyucuV-eerXLYBq9usrAycfDBIA7koHFlsED68INkYQ7JzBzvUUncGQAWlq3I_17gRdKTj7SUMTD7HYG7gH3Eg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528131%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ティラノサウルス(Tレックス)です <br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a Tyrannosaurus rex, </span><br />
<br />
とてもいい標本です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which was a very nice specimen. </span><br />
<br />
私の教え子の メアリー・シュワイツァー博士は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And one of my former doctoral students, Dr. Mary Schweitzer, </span><br />
<br />
このようなたぐいの事をする バックグラウンドを持ち合わせており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">actually had the background to do this sort of thing. </span><br />
<br />
このTレックスの大腿部の骨の 一部を調べて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so she looked into the bone of this T. rex, one of the thigh bones, </span><br />
<br />
ある興味深い構造を 見つけ出しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and she actually found some very interesting structures in there. </span><br />
<br />
それは赤色の円形状の物質で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They found these red circular-looking objects, </span><br />
<br />
彼らが世界中を探し回った 赤血球でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they looked, for all the world, like red blood cells. </span><br />
<br />
骨の中を通る血管 と思われる部分に 存在していました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they're in what appear to be the blood channels that go through the bone. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisXQBMp1O5s-VpC70eU79HFdyQuz9VsQPqUA-opZEw-XTi7QoYF534mm_Fdv7svMx5yMzPC6RQ41lY9LFRqlYqcRu-gBeSXd85bTwAme69aXPEH8cnDjLWsBh5txWfelyccuURtjnOtYE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528132%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisXQBMp1O5s-VpC70eU79HFdyQuz9VsQPqUA-opZEw-XTi7QoYF534mm_Fdv7svMx5yMzPC6RQ41lY9LFRqlYqcRu-gBeSXd85bTwAme69aXPEH8cnDjLWsBh5txWfelyccuURtjnOtYE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528132%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして彼女は なんてこったと思ったでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so she thought, well, what the heck. </span><br />
<br />
そこからいくつかの物質を採取しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So she sampled some material out of it. </span><br />
<br />
DNA自体はそこから発見できませんでしたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now it wasn't DNA; she didn't find DNA. </span><br />
<br />
ヘモグロビンの 生物学的構成物質の ヘムを見つけ出したのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But she did find heme, which is the biological foundation of hemoglobin. </span><br />
<br />
とてもすばらしい事でもあり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that was really cool. </span><br />
<br />
興味深い発見です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That was interesting. </span><br />
<br />
6500万年前のヘムを手に入れたのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old heme. </span><br />
<br />
その後も何度も挑戦しましたが 結局はそれ以外何も見つかりませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well we tried and tried and we couldn't really get anything else out of it.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">06:23</span></i><br />
<br />
それから数年後<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So a few years went by, </span><br />
<br />
ヘルクリークプロジェクトを立ち上げました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and then we started the Hell Creek Project. </span><br />
<br />
このプロジェクトは可能な限り 多くの恐竜を発見し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking to get as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find, </span><br />
<br />
その内のいくつかの 恐竜から多くの物質を 見つけ出す大きなプロジェクトでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and hopefully find some dinosaurs that had more material in them. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg0Ag3PiN3-K695pcZBLiYOWBY29sCz3Ju-3WMKcqdvvSnTBBKQtwwcT_10iTIMWyYR29ttQLh3RlTclBIFyMbQraEc6sB10uwGt1RGe5Vj18FFmKcr25hfDuTty_CeRarInDPx0lsqPI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528133%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg0Ag3PiN3-K695pcZBLiYOWBY29sCz3Ju-3WMKcqdvvSnTBBKQtwwcT_10iTIMWyYR29ttQLh3RlTclBIFyMbQraEc6sB10uwGt1RGe5Vj18FFmKcr25hfDuTty_CeRarInDPx0lsqPI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528133%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
人のほとんど住んでいない 東モンタナの 広大な荒野で 調査を行い 多くの物を発見しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And out in eastern Montana there's a lot of space, a lot of badlands, and not very many people, and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we did find a lot of stuff. </span><br />
<br />
Tレックスも多く見つかりましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs, </span><br />
<br />
その中に亜種が紛れていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but we found one special Tyrannosaur, </span><br />
<br />
このTレックスを Bレックスと名付けました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and we called it B-rex. </span><br />
<br />
大きな岩の下から発見されました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And B-rex was found under a thousand cubic yards of rock. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4r__Sv5KpYBC6JRvgFLTBYH48W8xtRez3dBFT9rK5ZnOnKMF-cZXTxOqWWWqdMPNmh2D1ASLxWN_W9lEMsKxHr1gC6YMKKr7N7IMRcNuOfxg8mK65w-T0mCdFERI2V63RwS5eyMd2kVo/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528134%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4r__Sv5KpYBC6JRvgFLTBYH48W8xtRez3dBFT9rK5ZnOnKMF-cZXTxOqWWWqdMPNmh2D1ASLxWN_W9lEMsKxHr1gC6YMKKr7N7IMRcNuOfxg8mK65w-T0mCdFERI2V63RwS5eyMd2kVo/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528134%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
BレックスはTレックスと異なっており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It wasn't a very complete T. rex, </span><br />
<br />
単に巨大なTレックスではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and it wasn't a very big T. rex, </span><br />
<br />
Bレックスはとても異質でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but it was a very special B-rex. </span><br />
<br />
私と同僚は化石を切り出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I and my colleagues cut into it, </span><br />
<br />
成長停止線によって このBレックスが16歳で 死んだとわかりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and we were able to determine, by looking at lines of arrested growth, some lines in it, that B-rex had died at the age of 16. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
まだ最高齢の恐竜を発見していないため 恐竜が一体何歳まで生きるのかはわかりませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived, because we haven't found the oldest one yet. </span><br />
<br />
しかしこいつは16歳で亡くなっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But this one died at the age of 16.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>07:26</i></span><br />
<br />
サンプルをメアリー・シュワイツァー博士に渡し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer, </span><br />
<br />
彼女は延髄組織から このBレックスが メスである事を 突き止めました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and she was actually able to determine that B-rex was a female based on medullary tissue found on the inside of the bone. </span><br />
<br />
延髄組織はカルシウムで構成されており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up, </span><br />
<br />
動物や鳥が妊娠する際に カルシウムの貯蔵庫の 働きをします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the calcium storage basically, when an animal is pregnant, when a bird is pregnant. </span><br />
<br />
これこそが鳥と恐竜を 結びつける共通の特徴です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So here was the character that linked birds and dinosaurs. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw1R_uwynojoHpLVDI9kywqBtt8TZ7Bj3HXGFWWErwiuwVPTfMPSjoRKa_OE2BSxRjrIbJeDBW28IpsptHdcMX4hKkj8resvS7Lv32emCS7fiL-tsw1hNhUGgGHSmY83LK4FGb1mC-S3g/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528136%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw1R_uwynojoHpLVDI9kywqBtt8TZ7Bj3HXGFWWErwiuwVPTfMPSjoRKa_OE2BSxRjrIbJeDBW28IpsptHdcMX4hKkj8resvS7Lv32emCS7fiL-tsw1hNhUGgGHSmY83LK4FGb1mC-S3g/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528136%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
メアリー博士はもう一歩踏みこみ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But Mary went further. </span><br />
<br />
この骨を取り出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She took the bone, </span><br />
<br />
酸につけ込みました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and she dumped it into acid. </span><br />
<br />
ご存知の通り この骨は化石です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now we all know that bones are fossilized, </span><br />
<br />
もし酸に浸ければ 何も残らないはずです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and so if you dump it into acid, there shouldn't be anything left. </span><br />
<br />
しかし実際には違いました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But there was something left. </span><br />
<br />
血管が残ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There were blood vessels left. </span><br />
<br />
それも 柔軟で透明な血管が<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There were flexible, clear blood vessels. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKyWbKR9eJrClz1wQTkrDdDD_fADoeaNHDNbo7E3-B1gaKBr0_iW7qNG1UsfTCZg6Moqe2lnmSdkB-shpc3xiyUvWI614rUG2-leUDhwNcHa1bCLmMfXo9ZlT07jX4o5V-7aRnZF3CTD4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528137%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKyWbKR9eJrClz1wQTkrDdDD_fADoeaNHDNbo7E3-B1gaKBr0_iW7qNG1UsfTCZg6Moqe2lnmSdkB-shpc3xiyUvWI614rUG2-leUDhwNcHa1bCLmMfXo9ZlT07jX4o5V-7aRnZF3CTD4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528137%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これがはじめて恐竜から得られた軟組織です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur. </span><br />
<br />
すばらしい成果です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was extraordinary. </span><br />
<br />
彼女はその他にも骨組織に 付着する骨細胞を発見しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But she also found osteocytes, which are the cells that laid down the bones. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YexxDkMV7ZEqk0jdUnBTCuPjMLTqde6xADN6sYqiwetJMTtxA6HDg5pxDlKxsAEtG1jDKg_l-TTJFg2asttupiaGuYcMqQBI7opWrMStCEf64wB3G_CMuXfConvYSsf-jW9M69KLEj0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528138%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YexxDkMV7ZEqk0jdUnBTCuPjMLTqde6xADN6sYqiwetJMTtxA6HDg5pxDlKxsAEtG1jDKg_l-TTJFg2asttupiaGuYcMqQBI7opWrMStCEf64wB3G_CMuXfConvYSsf-jW9M69KLEj0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528138%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
いろいろ試しましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And try and try, </span><br />
<br />
DNAは発見できませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we could not find DNA, </span><br />
<br />
しかし タンパク質の証は見つかりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but she did find evidence of proteins.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>08:28</i></span><br />
<br />
多分ですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But we thought maybe -- well, </span><br />
<br />
地層から発掘された後に 急速な劣化が起こり DNAが破壊されたのではと思いました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we thought maybe that the material was breaking down after it was coming out of the ground. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast. </span><br />
<br />
そこで我々は 大きなトレーラーの中に 研究室を設け<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so we built a laboratory in the back of an 18-wheeler trailer, </span><br />
<br />
良いサンプルが 採取できる場所へ 研究所を運べるようにしました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and actually took the laboratory to the field where we could get better samples. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TaakMQfGHjgYcrDBrxbAXjwHSA6fWm70QOfTnLMADhLFwRwNTldommV52bHHIT9jo2BxNQA3WacWkgYIgsQ5gW1A5lY2-_puFwwuoOU5cIXpYdp3M4swzVh6k0mCTNhf1BWHDeHK4n0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528139%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TaakMQfGHjgYcrDBrxbAXjwHSA6fWm70QOfTnLMADhLFwRwNTldommV52bHHIT9jo2BxNQA3WacWkgYIgsQ5gW1A5lY2-_puFwwuoOU5cIXpYdp3M4swzVh6k0mCTNhf1BWHDeHK4n0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528139%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
当たりでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we did. </span><br />
<br />
細胞も血管も よりよい状態での サンプル採取に成功しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We got better material. The cells looked better. The vessels looked better. </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Found the protein collagen. </span><br />
<br />
よいものが得られました 本当にすばらしいサンプルでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I mean, it was wonderful stuff. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKLjRBQuXjRMRFe30fOGzj0JMCC7HIFfX7VTD-g8yCvxTuxRf0mBUIA9eexSw5AJeoZqcaLV6XfqRD5FcW1IsjksAhEScpqXL3n0uciJoo3WbMO97ZPCACrD-iqnlgSw1REuti_H3PZ0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528140%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKLjRBQuXjRMRFe30fOGzj0JMCC7HIFfX7VTD-g8yCvxTuxRf0mBUIA9eexSw5AJeoZqcaLV6XfqRD5FcW1IsjksAhEScpqXL3n0uciJoo3WbMO97ZPCACrD-iqnlgSw1REuti_H3PZ0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528140%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
しかし 恐竜のDNAについては 分解速度が早く 全くもって 見つかりませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it's not dinosaur DNA. So we have discovered that dinosaur DNA, and all DNA, just breaks down too fast. </span><br />
<br />
ジュラシックパークの再現は 不可能なのでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're just not going to be able to do what they did in "Jurassic Park." </span><br />
<br />
恐竜から恐竜を復元する事は 非現実的なのでしょうね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're not going to be able to make a dinosaur based on a dinosaur.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>09:21</i></span><br />
<br />
ところで 鳥は恐竜です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But birds are dinosaurs. </span><br />
<br />
鳥は生きた恐竜です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Birds are living dinosaurs. </span><br />
<br />
実際 我々は鳥類を 恐竜に分類します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We actually classify them as dinosaurs. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜は鳥類型と 非鳥類型とに区別できます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We now call them non-avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyDz1YI0ANLFWh1eq0QF5OPycoNowqE8MeP1V7rom5soak1jpYC3cB9CL1Xb3DUhow-NfJaYIRL0oifebREeiMy7ebQn3_AKirtVjeTbzY3CY7jziFz_ydBnz8ZR8BghcJ-uXfwHXvXA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528141%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyDz1YI0ANLFWh1eq0QF5OPycoNowqE8MeP1V7rom5soak1jpYC3cB9CL1Xb3DUhow-NfJaYIRL0oifebREeiMy7ebQn3_AKirtVjeTbzY3CY7jziFz_ydBnz8ZR8BghcJ-uXfwHXvXA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528141%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
非鳥類型は 既に絶滅したダサい恐竜です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the non-avian dinosaurs are the big clunky ones that went extinct. </span><br />
<br />
鳥類型は現代の鳥類の祖先です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds. </span><br />
<br />
実は恐竜を復元しなくていいのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we don't have to make a dinosaur </span><br />
<br />
既に存在しているのですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because we already have them.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>09:55</i></span><br />
<br />
みなさんは小学6年生程度ですよ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
6年生は「違うよ」と言うでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The sixth-graders look at it and they say, "No." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
「鳥を恐竜と呼んでもいいけど<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"You can call it a dinosaur, </span><br />
<br />
ヴェロキラプトルの方がかっこいい」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
「ニワトリは絶対違う」って<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"The chicken is not." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1mB-I_Du9UEBNakHQgz8vwWto6ZvWUUzmg-VSnh6wFCTbaqp1JmZMkYt_9rRBp0eqbmcX7JqVpNNBIAX7_zd6LvzER7fwUlK3XCd5xBS0edywSk5g6JrAhj1Sha2FQn7pb2Wix7jz2Q/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528142%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1mB-I_Du9UEBNakHQgz8vwWto6ZvWUUzmg-VSnh6wFCTbaqp1JmZMkYt_9rRBp0eqbmcX7JqVpNNBIAX7_zd6LvzER7fwUlK3XCd5xBS0edywSk5g6JrAhj1Sha2FQn7pb2Wix7jz2Q/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528142%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
ご想像の通り これが私たちの問題です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So this is our problem, as you can imagine. </span><br />
<br />
ニワトリは恐竜です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The chicken is a dinosaur. </span><br />
<br />
これは真実です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I mean it really is. </span><br />
<br />
議論の余地はありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You can't argue with it </span><br />
<br />
なぜなら我々がそう分類したからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because we're the classifiers and we've classified it that way. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(拍手) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Applause) </span><br />
<br />
しかし6年生はこう要求してくるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But the sixth-graders demand it. </span><br />
<br />
「じゃあ ニワトリを直して」って<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Fix the chicken." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
私がここにいるのは ニワトリの直し方をお話しするためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So that's what I'm here to tell you about: how we are going to fix a chicken.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>10:49</i></span><br />
<br />
ニワトリを直す方法には いくつもの方法があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we have a number of ways that we actually can fix the chicken. </span><br />
<br />
進化が進み 現に我々は進化ツールを手にしているからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Because evolution works, we actually have some evolutionary tools. </span><br />
<br />
これらを生物学的改良ツールと呼びましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We'll call them biological modification tools. </span><br />
<br />
一つに淘汰があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We have selection. </span><br />
<br />
淘汰はよく機能します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we know selection works. </span><br />
<br />
オオカミに似た動物を マルチーズに作り替えてしまいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We started out with a wolf-like creature and we ended up with a Maltese. </span><br />
<br />
つまりそれは 遺伝的な改良です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I mean, that's -- that's definitely genetic modification. </span><br />
<br />
おかしな風貌の子犬にしてしまうのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs. </span><br />
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<br />
<br />
2つ目に遺伝子組み換えです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We also have transgenesis. </span><br />
<br />
遺伝子組み換えもすばらしいツールです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Transgenesis is really cool too. </span><br />
<br />
ある動物から遺伝子を取り出し 他の動物へ導入する方法です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in another one. </span><br />
<br />
この方法を用いると GloFish®が作れます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's how people make GloFish. </span><br />
<br />
サンゴやクラゲから 光る遺伝子を取り出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You take a glow gene out of a coral or a jellyfish </span><br />
<br />
ゼブラフィッシュに組み込むのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you stick it in a zebrafish, </span><br />
<br />
するとGloFish®ができるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and, puff, they glow. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlyYSw87MPLiQBgm5lK_93GUoNZjrfDDsLCh7lGfnwV9crFpMPXWIq8E85Z3T2cg90N0gi_zq9pN4_t_rn598DYB7NjVRrYHDq4ISSAwxpOAPWON88IwIfbA71oRpdv3Qdd5rrW0z2smQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528144%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlyYSw87MPLiQBgm5lK_93GUoNZjrfDDsLCh7lGfnwV9crFpMPXWIq8E85Z3T2cg90N0gi_zq9pN4_t_rn598DYB7NjVRrYHDq4ISSAwxpOAPWON88IwIfbA71oRpdv3Qdd5rrW0z2smQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528144%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
とてもかっこいいですよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that's pretty cool. </span><br />
<br />
これでお金を儲けしてる人もいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they obviously make a lot of money off of them. </span><br />
<br />
ウサギを初めあらゆるものを 光らせようとする方もいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And now they're making Glow-rabbits and Glow-all-sorts-of-things. </span><br />
<br />
光るニワトリだって作れるでしょうね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I guess we could make a glow chicken. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
しかし それだけでは6年生は満足しないでしょうね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But I don't think that'll satisfy the sixth-graders either.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>12:05</i></span><br />
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<br />
<br />
3つ目が<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But there's another thing. </span><br />
<br />
隔世遺伝子の活性化です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's what we call atavism activation. </span><br />
<br />
隔世遺伝の活性化は まず初めに 隔世とは先祖の特徴を意味します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And atavism activation is basically -- an atavism is an ancestral characteristic. </span><br />
<br />
ごくまれにしっぽの生えた 人間の赤ちゃんが生まれることはご存じでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You heard that occasionally children are born with tails, </span><br />
<br />
それは祖先の特徴が故です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic. </span><br />
<br />
起こりうる隔世遺伝の いくつかを紹介します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so there are a number of atavisms that can happen. </span><br />
<br />
脚のある蛇が生まれることもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Snakes are occasionally born with legs. </span><br />
<br />
こちらをご覧ください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And here's an example. </span><br />
<br />
歯の生えたニワトリです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is a chicken with teeth. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDc_bfFIwkjUSf1AfnDikV7PYSq19iXpU0UwrFYD7Ky6pjLqdfzMLmoK4j-1QPeLAjyrorv_o9_tVF2s0uUr34GCZLqTXp3Dwcn-rKaQS_H7gAhr8YGNKcfjOB9Za3qo2rRwJQMaofzsY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528146%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDc_bfFIwkjUSf1AfnDikV7PYSq19iXpU0UwrFYD7Ky6pjLqdfzMLmoK4j-1QPeLAjyrorv_o9_tVF2s0uUr34GCZLqTXp3Dwcn-rKaQS_H7gAhr8YGNKcfjOB9Za3qo2rRwJQMaofzsY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528146%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ウィスコンシン大学マディソン校の マシュー・ハリス特別研究員は 歯の遺伝子を活性化する方法を 見つけ出しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A fellow by the name of Matthew Harris at the University of Wisconsin in Madison actually figured out a way to stimulate the gene for teeth, </span><br />
<br />
そして実際に歯の遺伝子を発現させ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and so was able to actually turn the tooth gene on </span><br />
<br />
歯のあるニワトリを作りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and produce teeth in chickens. </span><br />
<br />
いい特徴ですよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now that's a good characteristic. </span><br />
<br />
その方法を確立し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We can save that one. </span><br />
<br />
用いる事で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We know we can use that. </span><br />
<br />
歯のあるニワトリを作り出せるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We can make a chicken with teeth. </span><br />
<br />
恐竜に一歩近づきましたね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's getting closer. </span><br />
<br />
光るニワトリよりましでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's better than a glowing chicken.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>13:15</i></span><br />
<br />
友人で同僚の<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A friend of mine, a colleague of mine, </span><br />
<br />
マギル大学のハンズ・ラーション博士は 隔世遺伝について研究しており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University, is actually looking at atavisms. </span><br />
<br />
彼は隔世遺伝の中でも 鳥類の胚形成と その成長方法を専門にしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And he's looking at them by looking at the embryo genesis of birds and actually looking at how they develop, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkXezNaQuB5jHJt3jzqCPPzn3HWn4wKHhgx9z_LVlR60ZqhrjnYgOxYNMV8ivOBSgrMdkx1QreuTtFEN_T4B56aUlMZyrXhsS54hFt5UQnEr2wZX3Xx0wkoeo9CqM-U-g_jdwt6SFRlI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528148%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkXezNaQuB5jHJt3jzqCPPzn3HWn4wKHhgx9z_LVlR60ZqhrjnYgOxYNMV8ivOBSgrMdkx1QreuTtFEN_T4B56aUlMZyrXhsS54hFt5UQnEr2wZX3Xx0wkoeo9CqM-U-g_jdwt6SFRlI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528148%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
彼は鳥類の尾の消失に興味をもっており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and he's interested in how birds actually lost their tail. </span><br />
<br />
手腕から翼への 発達にも関心を示しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">He's also interested in the transformation of the arm, the hand, to the wing. </span><br />
<br />
彼はこの手の遺伝子を探しているので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">He's looking for those genes as well. </span><br />
<br />
「もし見つかれば巻き戻して 6年生が見たがってるものを 作ってやるよ」と言っておきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I said, "Well, if you can find those, I can just reverse them and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders." </span><br />
<br />
彼もこれに賛成してくれていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so he agreed. </span><br />
<br />
私達は今もこれを探し求めています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so that's what we're looking into.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"><i>13:52</i></span><br />
<br />
恐竜の手を見てみると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you look at dinosaur hands, </span><br />
<br />
ヴェロキラプトルは 爪のあるかっこいい手をしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a velociraptor has that cool-looking hand with the claws on it. </span><br />
<br />
太古の鳥である始祖鳥は 原始的な手がありますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Archaeopteryx, which is a bird, a primitive bird, still has that very primitive hand. </span><br />
<br />
見ての通り<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But as you can see, </span><br />
<br />
ハトや ニワトリなど他の鳥は 奇妙な手をしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the pigeon, or a chicken or anything else, another bird, has kind of a weird-looking hand, </span><br />
<br />
なぜならそれは翼だからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because the hand is a wing. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDowXcVrS58BeL5FoISR7TEyFd5PQ4mlR2T17g7gqfqv5uPQ86GDIrSKwE7vZU3jGIwhPx1YjiVaDKPjLSqcx22-HIWXX4dA9-YF67PpjEE-j_1_6maM1bXUNnkK8mXxvdxu8YegZm184/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528149%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDowXcVrS58BeL5FoISR7TEyFd5PQ4mlR2T17g7gqfqv5uPQ86GDIrSKwE7vZU3jGIwhPx1YjiVaDKPjLSqcx22-HIWXX4dA9-YF67PpjEE-j_1_6maM1bXUNnkK8mXxvdxu8YegZm184/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528149%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
しかしすごいのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But the cool thing is that, </span><br />
<br />
もし胚の発達の過程を 見てみると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if you look in the embryo, </span><br />
<br />
胎生期の鳥の手は始祖鳥のそれと とても似ていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">as the embryo is developing the hand actually looks pretty much like the archaeopteryx hand. </span><br />
<br />
3本の指があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It has the three fingers, the three digits. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiLI4s49qpqOIgIn6WAg3rrp8JQnWiovcW52TjWH6SS2O0PYBMH4PC_bEA0YdVDtuXCYVr-kKeLYflWOM05ZOQhhX8X2Jp_7AL1RR9zR1BDREPx_6UmzkFzIdOmIDIpuQSBseo20HRILs/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528150%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiLI4s49qpqOIgIn6WAg3rrp8JQnWiovcW52TjWH6SS2O0PYBMH4PC_bEA0YdVDtuXCYVr-kKeLYflWOM05ZOQhhX8X2Jp_7AL1RR9zR1BDREPx_6UmzkFzIdOmIDIpuQSBseo20HRILs/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528150%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ある遺伝子が働き 一つに融合してしまうのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But a gene turns on that actually fuses those together. </span><br />
<br />
私達はこの遺伝子を探しているんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so what we're looking for is that gene. </span><br />
<br />
この遺伝子を止めることで 指の融合を停止させたいのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We want to stop that gene from turning on, fusing those hands together, </span><br />
<br />
そうすれば 始祖鳥のような3本指のある ニワトリを生み出せるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so we can get a chicken that hatches out with a three-fingered hand, like the archaeopteryx. </span><br />
<br />
同じ事が尾にも言えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the same goes for the tails. </span><br />
<br />
大抵の鳥類には 原始的な尾があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Birds have basically rudimentary tails. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWoqZRP3t-U3bJhIKSP-M8dg5rwLNg3_9PmOuj-cvDDdt5oO5vQMkBELf2aD7WdMLtLIPjKbtmwcPXVYLa5BWie-bKvIwdChUpshkeqfAQe-nCKIEGq4pp1tvaLtt-K8NCoB8vwJOKM6Q/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528151%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWoqZRP3t-U3bJhIKSP-M8dg5rwLNg3_9PmOuj-cvDDdt5oO5vQMkBELf2aD7WdMLtLIPjKbtmwcPXVYLa5BWie-bKvIwdChUpshkeqfAQe-nCKIEGq4pp1tvaLtt-K8NCoB8vwJOKM6Q/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528151%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
胚の発生過程において 長い尾を持つのですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so we know that in embryo, as the animal is developing, it actually has a relatively long tail. </span><br />
<br />
ある遺伝子が発現し この尾を萎縮させ 消えてなくなってしまうことが わかっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But a gene turns on and resorbs the tail, gets rid of it. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_0eHmsK39DUtyEypxyCttxC0ydriIF3_f0mM8kZpIzveFPaEABNN4b1xZrmi5FP4zYoeOrRPyiFR3K33nsjdM7Z6Oa-edBcBgxFWNdCJDPn09ek3pWhx43ZrKuao73F3G76SX4q_8oxE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528152%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_0eHmsK39DUtyEypxyCttxC0ydriIF3_f0mM8kZpIzveFPaEABNN4b1xZrmi5FP4zYoeOrRPyiFR3K33nsjdM7Z6Oa-edBcBgxFWNdCJDPn09ek3pWhx43ZrKuao73F3G76SX4q_8oxE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528152%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これが私達の求めるもう一つの遺伝子です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So that's the other gene we're looking for. </span><br />
<br />
尾の消失を阻止したいのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We want to stop that tail from resorbing.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">15:13</span></i><br />
<br />
私たちがやりたい事は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what we're trying to do really is </span><br />
<br />
ニワトリを 改良して<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">take our chicken, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHnSb8mfFObh8_RtkYuXAN4B_aLuHpBoKZ5kwXUK2bXc-vOv_HdE5e0o2COuGG7DT-QqdPAYci2RnFX5jZXU3L95qUV9uLDAHowZPXVR_ANrFtFA5AXhYizqW31LbzZ5XQesXpZoDHsNc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528153%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHnSb8mfFObh8_RtkYuXAN4B_aLuHpBoKZ5kwXUK2bXc-vOv_HdE5e0o2COuGG7DT-QqdPAYci2RnFX5jZXU3L95qUV9uLDAHowZPXVR_ANrFtFA5AXhYizqW31LbzZ5XQesXpZoDHsNc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528153%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
チキノザウルスを生み出す事です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">modify it and make the chickenosaurus. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑) </span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter) </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjJjc6vCQ-bm7sgmIVPPCdcxhn6E75RPXVJYJdwNIkUfWZST5otCE6VjHxEBDqS_zGquGWhUQnVe4r4XWhRUifQ_Vxjc8-hB47s0O5KPo15yojzBv3uYQ_KS0LElnF_V2C3SrHE_w-Olo/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528154%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjJjc6vCQ-bm7sgmIVPPCdcxhn6E75RPXVJYJdwNIkUfWZST5otCE6VjHxEBDqS_zGquGWhUQnVe4r4XWhRUifQ_Vxjc8-hB47s0O5KPo15yojzBv3uYQ_KS0LElnF_V2C3SrHE_w-Olo/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528154%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
いかしたニワトリです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's a cooler-looking chicken. </span><br />
<br />
とても基本なのですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it's just the very basics. </span><br />
<br />
これが私たちがやっている事です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So that really is what we're doing. </span><br />
<br />
人々はいつもこう尋ねます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And people always say, </span><br />
<br />
「なんの為にそんなことするの?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Why do that? Why make this thing? </span><br />
<br />
「どんな利益があるの?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What good is it?" </span><br />
<br />
とてもいい質問です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, that's a good question. </span><br />
<br />
実際 これらは子供達に 進化生物学や発生進化学などを 教えるよい教材になると 思っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Actually, I think it's a great way to teach kids about evolutionary biology and developmental biology and all sorts of things. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5RZJkzx2S_5KxCcqjOI_Pp6IRiYiJ9lObkDWE228saKfyEYypjLbNAypjHykgeqIf4-A7-3adWdCraw8zoVhyM-OQ6YvwUiNdbUXClp7quIJly1VOMvBAx4ljAoZejwzo5eJEnC22MJc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528155%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5RZJkzx2S_5KxCcqjOI_Pp6IRiYiJ9lObkDWE228saKfyEYypjLbNAypjHykgeqIf4-A7-3adWdCraw8zoVhyM-OQ6YvwUiNdbUXClp7quIJly1VOMvBAx4ljAoZejwzo5eJEnC22MJc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528155%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
また 正直なところ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And quite frankly, </span><br />
<br />
カーネル・サンダースに もっと上手い言い回しができたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I think if Colonel Sanders was to be careful how he worded it, </span><br />
<br />
もう一つ余分にチキンを売れるんですけどね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">he could actually advertise an extra piece. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
とにかく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Anyway -- </span><br />
<br />
この恐竜ニワトリが孵化すれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When our dino-chicken hatches, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rFympnWbkOk1h-nSOOZrhhWBEUGnRQgVPBI4-8pBtQz5KPAPmzSS2Qt8_at8u_UHhOnmtvwzF_anYvJggqTaaRPEu-cDY6gaETM6PjdRRvN48fwf-n4gp3LkpHAVVi4lbo5UtbFwTuM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528156%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rFympnWbkOk1h-nSOOZrhhWBEUGnRQgVPBI4-8pBtQz5KPAPmzSS2Qt8_at8u_UHhOnmtvwzF_anYvJggqTaaRPEu-cDY6gaETM6PjdRRvN48fwf-n4gp3LkpHAVVi4lbo5UtbFwTuM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528156%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
間違いなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it will be, obviously, </span><br />
<br />
TEDのポスターの キャラクターやイメージキャラクターに なってくれることでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the poster child, or what you might call a poster chick, for technology, entertainment and design.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">16:22</span></i><br />
<br />
ご清聴ありがとうございました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/How-Build-Dinosaur-Extinction-Forever/dp/0525951040/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=english-books&ie=UTF8&qid=1526083587&sr=1-9&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=a5bdd5610aac8c4f0baf9225e41a2332" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0525951040&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=0525951040" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />
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<br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/jack_horner_building_a_dinosaur_from_a_chicken" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Dinosaurs-Everything-Knowing-Aardonyx-Zuniceratops/dp/1615192743/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=english-books&ie=UTF8&qid=1526083562&sr=1-6&keywords=Jack+Horner&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=df673c549ff63240732d6f4fb0b83d39" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1615192743&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=1615192743" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E6%81%90%E7%AB%9C%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC/dp/486313102X/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1526083759&sr=8-1&keywords=%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%80%80%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=0e0f816b1b039aa20a5ecc95704d6853" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=486313102X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=486313102X" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-52714469764516758952018-04-28T15:58:00.000+09:002018-04-28T15:58:47.327+09:00つかう言葉によって、人はどう変わるのか?<br />
<br />
レラ・ボロディツキー<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Lera Boroditsky</span><br />
<br />
言語はいかに我々の考えを形作るのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How language shapes the way we think</span><br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/ja/lera_boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">00:00</span><br />
<br />
私は言葉を使って 皆さんにお話しします—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, I'll be speaking to you using language ... </span><br />
<br />
そうできますので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because I can. </span><br />
<br />
これは人間の持つ 不思議な力のひとつです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is one these magical abilities that we humans have. </span><br />
<br />
とても複雑な考えを 伝え合うことができます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another. </span><br />
<br />
私が今しているのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what I'm doing right now is, </span><br />
<br />
息を吐きながら 口を使って音を作るということで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm making sounds with my mouth as I'm exhaling. </span><br />
<br />
かすれた音や はじける音を出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm making tones and hisses and puffs, </span><br />
<br />
それが空気を振動させ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and those are creating air vibrations in the air. </span><br />
<br />
その空気の振動が 皆さんのところに届いて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Those air vibrations are traveling to you, </span><br />
<br />
鼓膜にぶつかり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they're hitting your eardrums, </span><br />
<br />
その鼓膜の振動を 脳が 思考へと変えるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums and transforms them into thoughts. </span><br />
<br />
願わくは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I hope.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">00:37</span><br />
<br />
そうなっていることを 期待します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I hope that's happening. </span><br />
<br />
この能力のお陰で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So because of this ability, </span><br />
<br />
人間は自分の考えを 時間や空間を越えて 伝えることができます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we humans are able to transmit our ideas across vast reaches of space and time. </span><br />
<br />
心から心へと 知識を伝えることができるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're able to transmit knowledge across minds. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんの頭に 新しい変な考えを 紛れ込ませることもできますよ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now. </span><br />
<br />
たとえば—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I could say, </span><br />
<br />
「図書館でワルツを 踊りながら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library </span><br />
<br />
量子力学について 考えているクラゲ」とか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">while thinking about quantum mechanics."</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">01:03</span><br />
<br />
これまでの人生が 比較的順調だったなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far, </span><br />
<br />
そんなことを考えたことは たぶんなかったでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you probably haven't had that thought before.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
でも 今 私が言葉を使って 皆さんに そう考えさせたのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But now I've just made you think it, through language.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaRc0lUq14Lj7BMLiEUt8zvxiJWiXRsufHJE2GYhRu8aYy5w7lGeKS5sUoVKmACVJp7Kq9OiXqET2Xt6LLHVprDCmJLhH5ayIbLa6lQWiRuFwhZ24nMzRESyBpvCp9vtUA7ez_3Wq7t0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528107%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaRc0lUq14Lj7BMLiEUt8zvxiJWiXRsufHJE2GYhRu8aYy5w7lGeKS5sUoVKmACVJp7Kq9OiXqET2Xt6LLHVprDCmJLhH5ayIbLa6lQWiRuFwhZ24nMzRESyBpvCp9vtUA7ez_3Wq7t0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528107%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">01:12</span><br />
<br />
もちろん<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now of course, </span><br />
<br />
世界にある言語は 1つだけではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there isn't just one language in the world, </span><br />
<br />
7千くらいの言語が 使われています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world. </span><br />
<br />
それぞれの言語は 様々な面で異なっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways. </span><br />
<br />
言語ごとに異なる音を持ち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some languages have different sounds, </span><br />
<br />
異なる語彙を持ち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they have different vocabularies, </span><br />
<br />
そして重要なことに 異なる構造を持っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they also have different structures -- very importantly, different structures. </span><br />
<br />
そこで疑問が生まれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That begs the question: </span><br />
<br />
話す言語は 考え方に 影響するのか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Does the language we speak shape the way we think? </span><br />
<br />
これは古くからある疑問で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, this is an ancient question. </span><br />
<br />
人々は このことを ずっと考えてきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">People have been speculating about this question forever. </span><br />
<br />
神聖ローマ皇帝 シャルルマーニュは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said, </span><br />
<br />
「第2の言語を持つのは 第2の魂を持つことである」と言いましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"To have a second language is to have a second soul" -- </span><br />
<br />
これは言語が現実を作り出すという 強い主張です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">strong statement that language crafts reality. </span><br />
<br />
一方で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But on the other hand, </span><br />
<br />
シェイクスピアは ジュリエットに言わせています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Shakespeare has Juliet say, </span><br />
<br />
「名前が何だというの?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"What's in a name? </span><br />
<br />
バラは別の名前で呼ぼうと 変わらず いい香りがするでしょう」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A rose by any other name would smell as sweet." </span><br />
<br />
これは名前によって現実は変わらないと 言っているように聞こえます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">01:58</span><br />
<br />
この議論は何千年も 続けられてきましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years. </span><br />
<br />
最近になるまで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But until recently, </span><br />
<br />
決着を付けられるようなデータが ありませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there hasn't been any data to help us decide either way. </span><br />
<br />
でも 私のところを含め 世界の様々な研究室で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world, </span><br />
<br />
研究がなされるようになり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we've started doing research, </span><br />
<br />
この疑問に答えられる 科学的なデータが出てきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">02:16</span><br />
<br />
私の好きな例を いくつかお話ししましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples. </span><br />
<br />
まず 私が研究する機会のあった― オーストラリアの アボリジニの話から始めましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia that I had the chance to work with. </span><br />
<br />
これはクウク・サアヨッレ族の人々です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people. </span><br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
ヨーク岬半島の西端の ポーンプラーウに住んでいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York. </span><br />
<br />
クウク・サアヨッレ語の 面白いところは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is, </span><br />
<br />
「左」や「右」という言い方はせず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right," </span><br />
<br />
あらゆることを 東西南北の方角で 言い表すことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and instead, everything is in cardinal directions: north, south, east and west. </span><br />
<br />
文字通りに 「あらゆること」を表します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when I say everything, I really mean everything. </span><br />
<br />
「あら 南西の脚にアリがいるわよ」 みたいな言い方をするんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You would say something like, "Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg." </span><br />
<br />
あるいは「コップを少し 北北東にずらして」とか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit." </span><br />
<br />
挨拶にしても クウク・サアヨッレ語では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say, </span><br />
<br />
「どちらの方に行くの?」と言い<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Which way are you going?" </span><br />
<br />
それに対する答えは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the answer should be, </span><br />
<br />
「ちょっと北北東の方へ あなたは?」という具合です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"North-northeast in the far distance. How about you?"</span><br />
<br />
考えてみてください 一日の中で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So imagine as you're walking around your day, </span><br />
<br />
会う人 会う人に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">every person you greet, </span><br />
<br />
向かう方角を 言わなきゃいけないんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you have to report your heading direction.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">03:10</span><br />
<br />
方角に鋭くなることでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right? </span><br />
<br />
どの方角に向かっているのか 分からないと 挨拶もできないんですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Because you literally couldn't get past "hello," if you didn't know which way you were going. </span><br />
<br />
実際このような言語を話す人たちは 方角をとても良く把握しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well. </span><br />
<br />
かつて人間に可能だと 思われていたよりも ずっとです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could. </span><br />
<br />
生物学的な理由により この面で人間は 他の動物より 劣ると思われていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures because of some biological excuse: </span><br />
<br />
人間は嘴や鱗に 磁石がないからと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales." </span><br />
<br />
でも 言語や文化が そうすることを求めるなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it, </span><br />
<br />
できるようになるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">actually, you can do it. </span><br />
<br />
世界には方角を本当によく 把握している人々がいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">03:42</span><br />
<br />
これが 私たちのあり方と いかに違うか分かるように<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And just to get us in agreement about how different this is from the way we do it, </span><br />
<br />
ちょっと目を閉じて いただけますか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I want you all to close your eyes for a second </span><br />
<br />
では 南東を 指差してください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and point southeast.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">03:53</span><br />
<br />
目は閉じたままで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Keep your eyes closed. </span><br />
<br />
指差して<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Point. </span><br />
<br />
じゃあ 目を開けていいですよ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OK, so you can open your eyes. </span><br />
<br />
皆さん あっちを指したり こっちを指したりで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ... </span><br />
<br />
どっちなのか 私も分かりませんが—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't know which way it is myself --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
皆さん あんまり 助けになりませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have not been a lot of help.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">04:11</span><br />
<br />
どうも この会場にいる人は 方角には疎いようです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high. </span><br />
<br />
言語によって認知力に 大きな違いが生じているということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right? </span><br />
<br />
皆さんのようなグループでは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys -- </span><br />
<br />
どっちがどの方角なのか 分かりませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">doesn't know which way is which, </span><br />
<br />
別のグループでは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but in another group, </span><br />
<br />
5歳児に聞いても 正しい答えが返ってきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">04:27</span><br />
<br />
時間の考え方にも 大きな違いがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are also really big differences in how people think about time. </span><br />
<br />
これは私の祖父の それぞれの年代の写真です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRUP4B23G7QTA33JPH9v3QeKfWYkej6q2IYA3jpQDIgKRnouVRNT4an4Kout1WcjUgjYxTR8BcW7pb-OnrbzZFq9iMPGpxnTAJ5ZdYhqpAvbiJ4NYEOOsfIAr4abUjGxL0KXhFbhy5a4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528110%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRUP4B23G7QTA33JPH9v3QeKfWYkej6q2IYA3jpQDIgKRnouVRNT4an4Kout1WcjUgjYxTR8BcW7pb-OnrbzZFq9iMPGpxnTAJ5ZdYhqpAvbiJ4NYEOOsfIAr4abUjGxL0KXhFbhy5a4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528110%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
英語を話す人に 時間順に並べてと言ったら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if I ask an English speaker to organize time, </span><br />
<br />
たぶん このように 左から右へと並べます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they might lay it out this way, from left to right. </span><br />
<br />
これは書く向きに よるのでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This has to do with writing direction. </span><br />
<br />
ヘブライ語やアラビア語を 話す人なら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic, </span><br />
<br />
逆向きに 右から左へと 並べるかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you might do it going in the opposite direction, from right to left.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">04:49</span><br />
<br />
さきほどお話しした アボリジニの クウク・サアヨッレ族なら どうするでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre, this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it? </span><br />
<br />
彼らは「左」とか「右」という 言葉を使いません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They don't use words like "left" and "right." </span><br />
<br />
ヒントをあげます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let me give you hint. </span><br />
<br />
南に向いているときは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we sat people facing south, </span><br />
<br />
左から右へと並べます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they organized time from left to right. </span><br />
<br />
北に向いているときは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we sat them facing north, </span><br />
<br />
右から左へと並べます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they organized time from right to left. </span><br />
<br />
東に向いているときは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we sat them facing east, </span><br />
<br />
向こうから手前へと並べます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">time came towards the body. </span><br />
<br />
パターンが分かりますか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What's the pattern? </span><br />
<br />
東から西なんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">East to west, right? </span><br />
<br />
彼らにとって時間の向きは 自分の体にではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all, </span><br />
<br />
大地に対応したものなんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it gets locked on the landscape. </span><br />
<br />
私の場合は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So for me, </span><br />
<br />
こちらを向いていたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if I'm facing this way, </span><br />
<br />
時間はこう進み<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">then time goes this way, </span><br />
<br />
こちらを向いていたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and if I'm facing this way, </span><br />
<br />
時間はこう進み<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">then time goes this way. </span><br />
<br />
こちらを向いていたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm facing this way, </span><br />
<br />
時間はこう進むという具合に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">time goes this way -- </span><br />
<br />
ずいぶん自己中心的ですよね 体の向きを変えると それに従って 時間の進む方向も変わるなんて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around every time I turn my body. </span><br />
<br />
でもクウク・サアヨッレの人たちには<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">For the Kuuk Thaayorre, </span><br />
<br />
時間の向きは固定されています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">time is locked on the landscape. </span><br />
<br />
時間に対して とても異なった 考え方をしているんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">05:40</span><br />
<br />
これは人間の巧みな技の 別の例ですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here's another really smart human trick. </span><br />
<br />
ここにペンギンは 何羽いるでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there. </span><br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
皆さんが この問題を どう解くか分かります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it. </span><br />
<br />
「1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8」と<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight." </span><br />
<br />
数を数えて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You counted them. </span><br />
<br />
それぞれに番号を 付けていき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You named each one with a number, </span><br />
<br />
最後の番号が ペンギンの数になります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the last number you said was the number of penguins. </span><br />
<br />
これは子供の頃に 教わったやり方です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids. </span><br />
<br />
みんな数について教わり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You learn the number list </span><br />
<br />
その使い方を学びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you learn how to apply it. </span><br />
<br />
ちょっとした言語的技術です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A little linguistic trick. </span><br />
<br />
言語によっては このようにはしません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, some languages don't do this, </span><br />
<br />
正確な数を表す語が ないためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because some languages don't have exact number words. </span><br />
<br />
「7」とか「8」という語が ないんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They're languages that don't have a word like "seven" or a word like "eight." </span><br />
<br />
数がない言語を 話す人たちは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, people who speak these languages don't count, </span><br />
<br />
正確な量の把握が 苦手です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities. </span><br />
<br />
たとえば このペンギンたちと 同じ数のアヒルを 結びつけるように言ったら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins to the same number of ducks, </span><br />
<br />
皆さんは数えることで そうするでしょうが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you would be able to do that by counting. </span><br />
<br />
そのような言語的技術を持たない人には それができません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">06:35</span><br />
<br />
言語によって色の見分け方 視覚的な世界も違います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum -- the visual world. </span><br />
<br />
色を表す言葉が 沢山ある言語もあれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some languages have lots of words for colors, </span><br />
<br />
「薄い色」「濃い色」みたいな わずかな言葉しかない言語もあり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark." </span><br />
<br />
色の境界を どこに置くかも 異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors. </span><br />
<br />
たとえば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, for example, </span><br />
<br />
英語なら 今 画面に出ている色すべてを指す “blue” という語がありますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in English, there's a word for blue that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen, </span><br />
<br />
ロシア語では そのような単一の語はなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but in Russian, there isn't a single word. </span><br />
<br />
ロシア語の話者は 薄い青 “goluboy”と 濃い青 “siniy” を 区別する必要があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate between light blue, "goluboy," and dark blue, "siniy." </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXbfL49bE6Dc9TnKm50m8B-7w3emH0HyXyghe2BsJS2CmtevWXsJU83e9th3CqJ5OZorm-VILfo4PyGAinqzbhGvds_TuUhmdxGmAdUmz8yzdk-RwRUHb5WpD7u6ih_s2NOpHXc5oGqNs/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528112%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXbfL49bE6Dc9TnKm50m8B-7w3emH0HyXyghe2BsJS2CmtevWXsJU83e9th3CqJ5OZorm-VILfo4PyGAinqzbhGvds_TuUhmdxGmAdUmz8yzdk-RwRUHb5WpD7u6ih_s2NOpHXc5oGqNs/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528112%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ロシア人は生涯にわたって 言語的に これらの色を 区別するのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language, distinguishing these two colors. </span><br />
<br />
視覚的に これらの色を 区別する力をテストすると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors, </span><br />
<br />
ロシア語話者は この言語的な境界を越えたことに すぐ気付きます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">what we find is that Russian speakers are faster across this linguistic boundary. </span><br />
<br />
青の濃さの違いを より素早く 見分けられるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They're faster to be able to tell the difference between a light and dark blue. </span><br />
<br />
色を見ている人の脳を 観察してみると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors -- </span><br />
<br />
色が薄い青から濃い青へと ゆっくり変化するとき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue -- </span><br />
<br />
薄い青と濃い青に 別の語を使う人の脳は 青の濃さが変わるときに 驚いたような反応をします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark, </span><br />
<br />
「おや 何かが切り替わったぞ」と<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed," </span><br />
<br />
でも たとえば英語話者の脳だと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">whereas the brains of English speakers, for example, </span><br />
<br />
この切り替わりがなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that don't make this categorical distinction, </span><br />
<br />
驚きはありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">don't give that surprise, </span><br />
<br />
何も切り替わっては いないからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because nothing is categorically changing.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">07:50</span><br />
<br />
言語には構造的に 奇妙な点がいろいろあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Languages have all kinds of structural quirks. </span><br />
<br />
これは私の好きな例ですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is one of my favorites. </span><br />
<br />
多くの言語に 文法上の性があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Lots of languages have grammatical gender; </span><br />
<br />
それぞれの名詞に男性か女性かが 割り当てられていますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine. </span><br />
<br />
どちらの性別かは 言語によって異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And these genders differ across languages. </span><br />
<br />
たとえば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, for example, </span><br />
<br />
太陽は ドイツ語では女性名詞ですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the sun is feminine in German </span><br />
<br />
スペイン語では男性名詞で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but masculine in Spanish, </span><br />
<br />
月はその逆です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the moon, the reverse. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZB70ojRzEv6IuxZV-3TUxLd7QIqPR1GLhma-L_iOvO2lPPUsEDGT8XHz6R0OYGsII0QWRU6nbXlODMZvSnY4TU60B8n_6c8i5IIKuxeCfII1WdhlH8jjW2NxcJJhrI4_W11DBa5potc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528113%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUZB70ojRzEv6IuxZV-3TUxLd7QIqPR1GLhma-L_iOvO2lPPUsEDGT8XHz6R0OYGsII0QWRU6nbXlODMZvSnY4TU60B8n_6c8i5IIKuxeCfII1WdhlH8jjW2NxcJJhrI4_W11DBa5potc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528113%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これは人の考え方に 影響を及ぼすのでしょうか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Could this actually have any consequence for how people think? </span><br />
<br />
ドイツ語話者は 太陽をより女性的なものとして<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like, </span><br />
<br />
月をより男性的なものとして 見るのか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the moon somehow more male-like? </span><br />
<br />
実は そうであることが 分かります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Actually, it turns out that's the case. </span><br />
<br />
ドイツ語話者と スペイン語話者に ここにあるような橋を 形容してもらうと—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge, like the one here -- </span><br />
<br />
「橋」は文法上 ドイツ語では女性名詞<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German, </span><br />
<br />
スペイン語では 男性名詞なんですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">grammatically masculine in Spanish -- </span><br />
<br />
ドイツ語話者の場合 「美しい」とか「優雅」といった 女性的な言葉を 使う傾向があり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant" and stereotypically feminine words. </span><br />
<br />
一方でスペイン語話者の場合 「力強い」とか 「長い」といった 男性的な言葉を 使う傾向があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say they're "strong" or "long," these masculine words.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">08:51</span><br />
<br />
言語によって出来事の 言い表し方にも違いがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Languages also differ in how they describe events, right? </span><br />
<br />
このような出来事— 事故があったとき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You take an event like this, an accident. </span><br />
<br />
英語では「彼は壺を壊した」 と言って構いませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In English, </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's fine to say, "He broke the vase." </span><br />
<br />
スペイン語のような言語では 「壺が壊れた」という 言い方のほうが普通です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In a language like Spanish, you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke," or, "The vase broke itself." </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjiPXt5F99Xx6SPfPhqyK9uVu2v6iznGGuZ6aUQnxT4Fm21q7xerp1ylZW3ckNq_QsLHELg45wHebZGYzPHU3EjZsCdeX0_PQcxZPnEIi1xvbEqOX4FDzxtnNcewoBW4K6bdToPcQNgNk/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528114%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjiPXt5F99Xx6SPfPhqyK9uVu2v6iznGGuZ6aUQnxT4Fm21q7xerp1ylZW3ckNq_QsLHELg45wHebZGYzPHU3EjZsCdeX0_PQcxZPnEIi1xvbEqOX4FDzxtnNcewoBW4K6bdToPcQNgNk/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528114%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
事故であれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If it's an accident, </span><br />
<br />
誰がやったとは言わないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you wouldn't say that someone did it. </span><br />
<br />
英語では奇妙なことに<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In English, quite weirdly, </span><br />
<br />
“I broke my arm." (私は自分の腕を折った) みたいな言い方さえします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we can even say things like, "I broke my arm." </span><br />
<br />
多くの言語では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, in lots of languages, </span><br />
<br />
このような言い方は その人が狂っていて 自分の腕を折ろうと試み それに成功した— というのでもなければ 使えません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic and you went out looking to break your arm --</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"> (Laughter) </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you succeeded. </span><br />
<br />
事故であれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If it was an accident, </span><br />
<br />
別の言い方をします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you would use a different construction.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">09:30</span><br />
<br />
これには現実の結果が伴います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, this has consequences. </span><br />
<br />
異なる言語を使う人は 注意を向ける点が異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things, </span><br />
<br />
注意を向ける部分が 言語によって異なるためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">depending on what their language usually requires them to do. </span><br />
<br />
だから同じ事故を英語話者と スペイン語話者に見せたとき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers, </span><br />
<br />
英語話者は誰がやったのかを よく覚えているでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">English speakers will remember who did it, </span><br />
<br />
英語では「“彼が” 壺を壊した」 という言い方をするためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase." </span><br />
<br />
一方でスペイン語話者は それが事故なら 誰がやったのかは あまり覚えておらず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it if it's an accident, </span><br />
<br />
「それは事故だった」ということを よく記憶しているでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident. </span><br />
<br />
意図的かどうかという点を 覚えているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They're more likely to remember the intention. </span><br />
<br />
すると2人の人が 同じ出来事 同じ犯罪を目撃しても<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, two people watch the same event, witness the same crime, </span><br />
<br />
記憶している内容が違う ということが起きます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but end up remembering different things about that event. </span><br />
<br />
もちろん これは目撃証言では 大きな意味を持ち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony. </span><br />
<br />
責任や罰ということにも 影響してきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It also has implications for blame and punishment. </span><br />
<br />
誰かが壺を壊した場面を 英語話者に見せて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So if you take English speakers and I just show you someone breaking a vase, </span><br />
<br />
「壺が壊れた」ではなく 「彼が壺を壊した」と説明するなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke," </span><br />
<br />
それを自分の目で 映像として 壺に対する犯行の場面を 見られる場合でも 「壺が壊れた」ではなく 「彼が壊した」と言われると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">even though you can witness it yourself, you can watch the video, you can watch the crime against the vase, </span><br />
<br />
その人を非難し 責任を問うことに なりやすいでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you will punish someone more, you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it," as opposed to, "It broke." </span><br />
<br />
物事についての論理的思考にも 言語は影響するのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The language guides our reasoning about events.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">10:43</span><br />
<br />
言語が人の考え方を いかに形作るかという例を いくつか紹介しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, I've given you a few examples of how language can profoundly shape the way we think, </span><br />
<br />
その影響の仕方は いろいろあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and it does so in a variety of ways. </span><br />
<br />
大きな影響を 言語が及ぼし得ることは 時間と空間の例で 見た通りです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So language can have big effects, like we saw with space and time, </span><br />
<br />
時間や空間の捉え方は 言語によって まったく異なり得ます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">where people can lay out space and time in completely different coordinate frames from each other. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2HaKReB8BjwLVK8nNOxV6gQiojotb1QIw_Df3JGuqIs78UzMA0-M90js4Bg-cySldk-yfcGU3D0mwFyPjCS38hh0SiE_ZQUcMAG_P9Ss_bUuZduflVZn0rwx8Mh7__enSC1OmhHeefYM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528115%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2HaKReB8BjwLVK8nNOxV6gQiojotb1QIw_Df3JGuqIs78UzMA0-M90js4Bg-cySldk-yfcGU3D0mwFyPjCS38hh0SiE_ZQUcMAG_P9Ss_bUuZduflVZn0rwx8Mh7__enSC1OmhHeefYM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528115%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
言語には とても深い影響もあって<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Language can also have really deep effects -- </span><br />
<br />
数の例で見た通りです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that's what we saw with the case of number. </span><br />
<br />
数えるための言葉 数を表す語があることで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Having count words in your language, </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">having number words,</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
数学の世界が開けます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">opens up the whole world of mathematics. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWoTXbpXEMylb4O7MAIgFMj0EsG5zwQ7QJ3iVawYetJRV-2S7KaMANiL4HSAUhIiEHYwU5Ue2XF8XcH5AapBp0xoguEsQ7UBtj5cUvSCsYxXqZynqkfV1PztSjrrIjYBs-Ob__jWJeCUM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528116%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWoTXbpXEMylb4O7MAIgFMj0EsG5zwQ7QJ3iVawYetJRV-2S7KaMANiL4HSAUhIiEHYwU5Ue2XF8XcH5AapBp0xoguEsQ7UBtj5cUvSCsYxXqZynqkfV1PztSjrrIjYBs-Ob__jWJeCUM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528116%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
数えないなら 計算もできず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Of course, if you don't count, </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">you can't do algebra,</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
この会場のようなものを 建設したり この放送をしたりするのに 必要なことが 何もできないでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you can't do any of the things that would be required to build a room like this or make this broadcast, right? </span><br />
<br />
数を表す語という ちょっとした仕掛けが 新たな認知的世界への 足掛かりになるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone into a whole cognitive realm.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">11:28</span><br />
<br />
とても早くからの影響も 言語にはあり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Language can also have really early effects, </span><br />
<br />
それを色の例で見ましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">what we saw in the case of color. </span><br />
<br />
本当に単純で基本的な 知覚的判断です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLuziIIBjvzqYl8OesO4Q-gC08P5XrZCZsvFiuzBke5f_ZdxCFTfpkjyoSdRs62q7xwpYQ57GFfiyZUbap5KO0cT6ytFPU4EKLSQNYHTFLNcNs_y-mQoNL6vNJSMDN0XIaOWw1CzMspRg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528117%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLuziIIBjvzqYl8OesO4Q-gC08P5XrZCZsvFiuzBke5f_ZdxCFTfpkjyoSdRs62q7xwpYQ57GFfiyZUbap5KO0cT6ytFPU4EKLSQNYHTFLNcNs_y-mQoNL6vNJSMDN0XIaOWw1CzMspRg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528117%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そういう判断を 私たちは 日常的に数多く行っていますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We make thousands of them all the time, </span><br />
<br />
そんな細かな 知覚的判断にも 言語は影響しているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and yet, language is getting in there and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make. </span><br />
<br />
とても広い影響を 言語は及ぼし得ます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Language can have really broad effects. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGn8ZCiShMWmgahNLkr-gjqg99yXwXDSNdJenbzAWPRTuJ2YeJBTxvIhnT4BgT-UU2iA-st_7ZoWNmMiHJNpzcvs_bkWbgGiXXl8QLMD1anvtTggXsmuDSAFgJuw8ZR8EKcG8vz3tzGKA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528118%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGn8ZCiShMWmgahNLkr-gjqg99yXwXDSNdJenbzAWPRTuJ2YeJBTxvIhnT4BgT-UU2iA-st_7ZoWNmMiHJNpzcvs_bkWbgGiXXl8QLMD1anvtTggXsmuDSAFgJuw8ZR8EKcG8vz3tzGKA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528118%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
文法的な性の例は たわいもないものに 見えるかもしれませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly, </span><br />
<br />
それは すべての名詞に 適用されるわけですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns. </span><br />
<br />
名詞で表される あらゆるものの考え方に 言語が影響することになります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That means language can shape how you're thinking about anything that can be named by a noun. </span><br />
<br />
すごく沢山ありますよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's a lot of stuff.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">12:04</span><br />
<br />
そして 何に重きを置くかにも 言語は影響する という例を示しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things that have personal weight to us -- </span><br />
<br />
責任や 罰や 目撃者の記憶に関わる話で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory. </span><br />
<br />
日常生活で大事なことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are important things in our daily lives.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_4FEqAubStKgazlgq_3lllvHZ-DcNLvb7eSVshijsqfDmHHk2L_c7xPqO4STkuTskwnJ00oy64qX_aGM8ppBQ0KTmjMBag7TFe5BNH7uf4pmPQjjsFelpzJ-LvN5GcbgptFaufCSlNlI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528119%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_4FEqAubStKgazlgq_3lllvHZ-DcNLvb7eSVshijsqfDmHHk2L_c7xPqO4STkuTskwnJ00oy64qX_aGM8ppBQ0KTmjMBag7TFe5BNH7uf4pmPQjjsFelpzJ-LvN5GcbgptFaufCSlNlI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528119%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">12:16</span><br />
<br />
言語の多様性が素晴らしいのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity </span><br />
<br />
人の心が いかに巧みで柔軟かを 明らかにするからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is that it reveals to us just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is. </span><br />
<br />
人間の精神は認知的な宇宙を 1つではなく 7千も生み出しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 -- </span><br />
<br />
世界には7千の言語があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world. </span><br />
<br />
もっと作ることもできます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we can create many more -- </span><br />
<br />
言語は生きているものであり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">languages, of course, are living things, </span><br />
<br />
必要に応じて 磨きをかけ 変えていけるものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">things that we can hone and change to suit our needs. </span><br />
<br />
残念なことに 私たちは この言語的多様性を 失いつつあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity all the time. </span><br />
<br />
週に1つの言語が 失われており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're losing about one language a week, </span><br />
<br />
今後百年間で 世界の言語の 半数が失われると 見られています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and by some estimates, half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years. </span><br />
<br />
さらに問題なのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the even worse news is that right now, </span><br />
<br />
現在の人間の心や 脳についての知見の多くが 英語話者のアメリカ人学部生を 被験者にした研究に 基づいていることです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates at universities. </span><br />
<br />
人類のほとんどが 除外されているわけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That excludes almost all humans. Right? </span><br />
<br />
人間の心について分かっていることは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what we know about the human mind </span><br />
<br />
実のところ非常に狭く偏ったものであり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is actually incredibly narrow and biased, </span><br />
<br />
科学は もっと良い仕事を する必要があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and our science has to do better.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">13:25</span><br />
<br />
最後に皆さんに 考えてほしいことがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I want to leave you with this final thought. </span><br />
<br />
異なる言語の話者が いかに違った考え方をするか という話をしましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently, </span><br />
<br />
これは他所の人が どう考えるかということではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんが どう考えるかということ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's about how you think. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんの使う言語が 皆さんの考え方に いかに影響するかということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think. </span><br />
<br />
これは自問する機会を 与えてくれるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that gives you the opportunity to ask, </span><br />
<br />
「なぜ自分は こんな考え方をするのか?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Why do I think the way that I do?" </span><br />
<br />
「どうすれば違った考え方が できるだろう?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"How could I think differently?" </span><br />
<br />
あるいは また<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And also, </span><br />
<br />
「どんな考えを 生み出したいと思うか?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"What thoughts do I wish to create?"</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">13:51</span><br />
<br />
ありがとうございました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you very much.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/lera_boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-15175465576978081392018-04-22T11:26:00.002+09:002018-04-22T11:26:28.076+09:00「私たちは皆、ずっと幻覚を見つづけているんです」【脳の生む Best Guess】<br />
アニル・セス<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Anil Seth</span><br />
脳が「意識された現実」という幻覚を作り出す仕組み<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality</span><br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/anil_seth_how_your_brain_hallucinates_your_conscious_reality" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">00:00</span></i><br />
<br />
ちょうど1年ほど前<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Just over a year ago, </span><br />
<br />
人生で3回目なんですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">for the third time in my life, </span><br />
<br />
私は存在しなくなりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I ceased to exist. </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
ちょっとした手術を受けて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I was having a small operation, </span><br />
<br />
脳に麻酔がすっかり効いていたんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and my brain was filling with anesthetic. </span><br />
<br />
切り離されて バラバラになった感じで 寒かったのを覚えています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart and a coldness. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOR9B-RvI9Atb-UKy_ufiN5s8iT77FVoSeUB82vgH3lLbCMXmFMPMbo2FV8MDiE1KkkQDv4ruQVg-c9f4hS5AF6-BGqgBSkYStwgQ5IVx7H_-Cmd_jzxk6sRVKxU2nvMIuEZMUm1hyq8I/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252845%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOR9B-RvI9Atb-UKy_ufiN5s8iT77FVoSeUB82vgH3lLbCMXmFMPMbo2FV8MDiE1KkkQDv4ruQVg-c9f4hS5AF6-BGqgBSkYStwgQ5IVx7H_-Cmd_jzxk6sRVKxU2nvMIuEZMUm1hyq8I/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252845%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
その後 元に戻りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And then I was back, </span><br />
<br />
ぼんやりして 混乱していましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">drowsy and disoriented, </span><br />
<br />
確かに そこにいました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but definitely there. </span><br />
<br />
深い眠りから覚めた時<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, when you wake from a deep sleep, </span><br />
<br />
時間が分からなかったり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you might feel confused about the time </span><br />
<br />
寝坊したのではと不安になるかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">or anxious about oversleeping, </span><br />
<br />
でも時間が過ぎたという 過去と現在の連続性の 基本的な感覚は 常にあるものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but there's always a basic sense of time having passed, of a continuity between then and now. </span><br />
<br />
麻酔から醒めるのは 全く別物です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Coming round from anesthesia is very different. </span><br />
<br />
5分間だったかもしれないし 5時間かもしれない<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I could have been under for five minutes, five hours, </span><br />
<br />
5年 いや50年かもしれない<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">five years or even 50 years. </span><br />
<br />
私は単に存在せず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I simply wasn't there. </span><br />
<br />
意識はすっかり消失しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was total oblivion. </span><br />
<br />
麻酔とは 現代の魔法です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic. </span><br />
<br />
人間を物体に変えてしまい<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It turns people into objects, </span><br />
<br />
それから また人間に戻すのです 願わくば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and then, we hope, back again into people. </span><br />
<br />
そしてこの過程には 科学や哲学で未だ 大きな謎とされるものがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And in this process is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">00:52</span></i><br />
<br />
意識はいかにして生じるのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How does consciousness happen? </span><br />
<br />
1人1人の脳内では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Somehow, within each of our brains, </span><br />
<br />
それぞれが小さな生物学的マシンである 神経細胞が何十億個もあって 結びついて活動しており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the combined activity of many billions of neurons, each one a tiny biological machine, </span><br />
<br />
それが どのようにしてか 意識経験を生成しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is generating a conscious experience. </span><br />
<br />
単なる意識の経験でなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And not just any conscious experience -- </span><br />
<br />
今 ここにおける 皆さんの意識の経験です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">your conscious experience right here and right now. </span><br />
<br />
これはいかにして起きるのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How does this happen?</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">01:10</span></i><br />
<br />
この問いに答えるのは 非常に重要です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Answering this question is so important </span><br />
<br />
なぜなら 我々の意識が 在るもののすべてだからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because consciousness for each of us is all there is. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5EBB6Bn89WrrVczsWGDCIRGPEh8V0puNJY30C5m-9NeCKMl2uxutHcN8pbJG5UVdhMqXrY_YUCbQxr7TTeaW-3reEgpYiXOocPQcoeewuWH4Q4IkOtVVwPUmrPXb6_plhqUicg1GkG8/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252846%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5EBB6Bn89WrrVczsWGDCIRGPEh8V0puNJY30C5m-9NeCKMl2uxutHcN8pbJG5UVdhMqXrY_YUCbQxr7TTeaW-3reEgpYiXOocPQcoeewuWH4Q4IkOtVVwPUmrPXb6_plhqUicg1GkG8/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252846%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
意識がなければ 世界は存在しません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Without it there's no world, </span><br />
<br />
自分も存在しません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's no self, </span><br />
<br />
何も存在しないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's nothing at all. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYKg2F34V3wQ4jjOoqN3ArykgAhHQjJ2Mql2csGTHwtRiw3j82ZbTD9A3ZsZRSXUYU_CiDR6SiAU_JQAWHX3On4CdtkRYCw_5roHM7kcbWltDJ-eVWK70BtdXc6aRTPIze_aghx_jjzJY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252847%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYKg2F34V3wQ4jjOoqN3ArykgAhHQjJ2Mql2csGTHwtRiw3j82ZbTD9A3ZsZRSXUYU_CiDR6SiAU_JQAWHX3On4CdtkRYCw_5roHM7kcbWltDJ-eVWK70BtdXc6aRTPIze_aghx_jjzJY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252847%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
苦しいときには 苦しいと意識します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when we suffer, we suffer consciously </span><br />
<br />
心の病であれ 痛みであれ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">whether it's through mental illness or pain. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhykPG9Av9qJl371v5njMbK05F5vud48gWUWKFejfVLr_MYVzCIjkf80cwKO4CxO8RV0M0jGom5JJGuc2OtmZVOKZ15xQ8msoyOpD32HVVbjj9dt5xu-PVsO58CtfGoFmp0aNvOHKRHbHo/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252848%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhykPG9Av9qJl371v5njMbK05F5vud48gWUWKFejfVLr_MYVzCIjkf80cwKO4CxO8RV0M0jGom5JJGuc2OtmZVOKZ15xQ8msoyOpD32HVVbjj9dt5xu-PVsO58CtfGoFmp0aNvOHKRHbHo/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252848%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして私たちが喜びや苦しみを 経験できるのであれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if we can experience joy and suffering, </span><br />
<br />
他の動物はどうなのでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">what about other animals? </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK2sz1FiWWrF_v1cDzvSua_J5F4P-NLJ68Ehai-prrslKqLHhUpDZn74-wit9JvDCcdwsuj3sDqq7x52QejiSMUWoZGIWClOXE7QIISAE7wpBulLHssJuSACxSzGiwhKj8ZSzRsETy-OU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252849%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK2sz1FiWWrF_v1cDzvSua_J5F4P-NLJ68Ehai-prrslKqLHhUpDZn74-wit9JvDCcdwsuj3sDqq7x52QejiSMUWoZGIWClOXE7QIISAE7wpBulLHssJuSACxSzGiwhKj8ZSzRsETy-OU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252849%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
動物にも意識があるのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Might they be conscious, too? </span><br />
<br />
自分という感覚もあるのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Do they also have a sense of self? </span><br />
<br />
そしてコンピューターが もっと速く 賢くなっていったら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And as computers get faster and smarter, </span><br />
<br />
もしかすると そう遠くない将来<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away, </span><br />
<br />
私のiPhone も 自分の存在の感覚を 持つようになるのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaVm4muErKzY-C_2k9s5YRQ8DXN-KW7zBp3J0JAH2fmWYBZNKpV5Sl50wR0TrhEcKFMZmzeA-TykpuMKDM81wTkQ4Nz_W2OwXz89BPxtN1Gr9xUMmhdYiIJLc7tnI8jXYRZZBBjWUDp-Y/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252850%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaVm4muErKzY-C_2k9s5YRQ8DXN-KW7zBp3J0JAH2fmWYBZNKpV5Sl50wR0TrhEcKFMZmzeA-TykpuMKDM81wTkQ4Nz_W2OwXz89BPxtN1Gr9xUMmhdYiIJLc7tnI8jXYRZZBBjWUDp-Y/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252850%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">01:43</span></i><br />
<br />
実のところ 意識を持つAIの可能性は 低いと 私は考えています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote. </span><br />
<br />
それというのも 私の研究が示すところでは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I think this because my research is telling me </span><br />
<br />
意識というのは 純粋な知能とよりも 生きて呼吸する 生命体としての性質との 関わりが深いものだからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms. </span><br />
<br />
意識と知能は全く別物なんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Consciousness and intelligence are very different things. </span><br />
<br />
苦しむのに賢さは必要ありませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You don't have to be smart to suffer, </span><br />
<br />
生きている必要はあるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but you probably do have to be alive.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">02:05</span></i><br />
<br />
これからお話しするのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In the story I'm going to tell you, </span><br />
<br />
自分の身の周りの世界と その中にいる自分という意識経験は ある意味 制御された幻覚であり それは生きた身体があってこそ 生きた身体を通じ 生きた身体が故に 生じるということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our conscious experiences of the world around us, and of ourselves within it, are kinds of controlled hallucinations that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00pOp8Oss7az2exNwcdc0ZuLsjCskqr_ZLVI62tTa4nMjaOqRYBeTVdPoPX9PEnl2FcQpczKPdxIXhWFJYdj1e1WtVOeE7hprcVW9cshVryvsgBRBx9LkEmEAcYLStkApRsmfa9ZwUl4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252851%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00pOp8Oss7az2exNwcdc0ZuLsjCskqr_ZLVI62tTa4nMjaOqRYBeTVdPoPX9PEnl2FcQpczKPdxIXhWFJYdj1e1WtVOeE7hprcVW9cshVryvsgBRBx9LkEmEAcYLStkApRsmfa9ZwUl4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252851%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">02:17</span></i><br />
<br />
さて 脳や身体が どのように意識を生み出すのかは 全く分かっていないと 聞いたことがあるかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, you might have heard that we know nothing about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness. </span><br />
<br />
それは科学を超えたものだとさえ 言う人もいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether. </span><br />
<br />
しかし実際には ここ25年で この領域に関する 科学的研究は爆発的に増えました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But in fact, the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんがサセックス大学の 私の研究室にお越しになったら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex, </span><br />
<br />
あらゆる分野の科学者や 時には哲学者まで 目にすることでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you'll find scientists from all different disciplines and sometimes even philosophers. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHukiVPXluKyT3c-8ygeI5Nxm1R4ukp3svw0j1-Kt7txw8Qo9kp00oZsGIwHiZwqINHIStE6s516TvhvHqi7IZhkShjPyRQ8AZsYOidGHbk3TcenIgJyLaHP4u-5LlOooJyBercFeoj8/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252853%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHukiVPXluKyT3c-8ygeI5Nxm1R4ukp3svw0j1-Kt7txw8Qo9kp00oZsGIwHiZwqINHIStE6s516TvhvHqi7IZhkShjPyRQ8AZsYOidGHbk3TcenIgJyLaHP4u-5LlOooJyBercFeoj8/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252853%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
私たちが理解を試みているのは 意識が生じる仕組みと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens </span><br />
<br />
それが上手くいかないと どうなるかです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and what happens when it goes wrong. </span><br />
<br />
その方法は非常に単純です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the strategy is very simple. </span><br />
<br />
意識について考えるには 生物についてと 同じ考え方をすればいいんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'd like you to think about consciousness in the way that we've come to think about life. </span><br />
<br />
かつては 「生きている」 ということの特質は 物理学や化学では 説明できないと考えられていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At one time, people thought the property of being alive could not be explained by physics and chemistry -- </span><br />
<br />
生命は単なるメカニズム以上の ものであるはずだと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that life had to be more than just mechanism. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
でも今や そうは考えられていません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But people no longer think that. </span><br />
<br />
生物学者が 生命システムの特質を 物理学や化学の観点から説明する― 研究を進めました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">As biologists got on with the job of explaining the properties of living systems in terms of physics and chemistry -- </span><br />
<br />
代謝や生殖機構 ホメオスタシスなどですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis -- </span><br />
<br />
生命とは何かという基本的な謎は それに伴い 姿を消していき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away, </span><br />
<br />
「生命の力」や「生命の飛躍」みたいな 魔術的な答えが提案されることは なくなりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and people didn't propose any more magical solutions, like a force of life or an élan vital. </span><br />
<br />
生命についてと同じく 意識についてもそうすべきです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So as with life, so with consciousness. </span><br />
<br />
意識の性質を 脳や身体の内部で起きていることから 説明しようとし始めれば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Once we start explaining its properties in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies, </span><br />
<br />
意識とは何かという 解明不能と思われた謎は 姿を消していくはずです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is should start to fade away. </span><br />
<br />
少なくとも 青写真ではそうです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At least that's the plan.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">03:39</span></i><br />
<br />
では始めましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So let's get started. </span><br />
<br />
意識の性質とは どんなものでしょうか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What are the properties of consciousness? </span><br />
<br />
意識に関する科学が説明すべきことは 何なのでしょうか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What should a science of consciousness try to explain? </span><br />
<br />
今日は意識について 2つの方法で考えたいと思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways. </span><br />
<br />
私たちの周りの世界に関する 経験というものがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are experiences of the world around us, </span><br />
<br />
光や 音や においに満ちていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">full of sights, sounds and smells, </span><br />
<br />
多様な感覚を伴う パノラマ的で3Dの 完全に没入的な 心の中の映画があり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie. </span><br />
<br />
そして意識を持った自己があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And then there's conscious self. </span><br />
<br />
「自分である」という独自の経験です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The specific experience of being you or being me. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibna1sAJ3FKGisl4tU7tsAmeq7vU8JEhWm9DKyj8Wpsg1TKjWYfz3G6kjDVc_tLDhoTub6AIkVXdJdVJWaofJNfAVT5bJEhY70lH5FL0i5UKJTtbO99nzhYig-AfyL2Hf5_c8As4OOKmo/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252858%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibna1sAJ3FKGisl4tU7tsAmeq7vU8JEhWm9DKyj8Wpsg1TKjWYfz3G6kjDVc_tLDhoTub6AIkVXdJdVJWaofJNfAVT5bJEhY70lH5FL0i5UKJTtbO99nzhYig-AfyL2Hf5_c8As4OOKmo/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252858%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
それが この心の中の映画の 主人公であり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The lead character in this inner movie, </span><br />
<br />
おそらく意識のその側面に みんな最も強くしがみついているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly. </span><br />
<br />
まずは身の周りの世界 という経験と 予測エンジンとしての脳という 重要な考えについて考えてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's start with experiences of the world around us, and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">04:16</span></i><br />
<br />
脳の身になって 想像してください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Imagine being a brain. </span><br />
<br />
固い頭蓋骨に 閉じ込められ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're locked inside a bony skull, </span><br />
<br />
外の世界で何が起きているのか 理解しようとしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">trying to figure what's out there in the world. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA6OZvkjbPFYncStKRBG8qTJ468Ne2IoWkwl5PFIXAl60LbiTeXUAq9nytx0ZgXzB6P0AWbUqkUBKobvceSRsjyMiZNzZmSVyU4TZjlnNyqjfDZCrU2HKNSCBC8hfVjF5-Ewmk1iiq840/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252859%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA6OZvkjbPFYncStKRBG8qTJ468Ne2IoWkwl5PFIXAl60LbiTeXUAq9nytx0ZgXzB6P0AWbUqkUBKobvceSRsjyMiZNzZmSVyU4TZjlnNyqjfDZCrU2HKNSCBC8hfVjF5-Ewmk1iiq840/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252859%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
頭蓋骨の中には 光はありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's no lights inside the skull. </span><br />
<br />
音もありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's no sound either. </span><br />
<br />
唯一利用できる電気的インパルスに 頼らざるを得ないのですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses </span><br />
<br />
これは何であれ 世界の事物とは 間接的に関わっているに すぎません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which are only indirectly related to things in the world, whatever they may be. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsoxLbzfhRMLWvyMt73RQ6zAexWnPDKK67nErcFpxe6_pAGQD8SOD3zkfQ9d2rPBOb4QBeWOYNiZmnz5PVbLHd7-rJTsDikYlbsQbEC5HbwNsHKydcCFpB954CN7sKhplFDzMs3s2IeLA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252861%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsoxLbzfhRMLWvyMt73RQ6zAexWnPDKK67nErcFpxe6_pAGQD8SOD3zkfQ9d2rPBOb4QBeWOYNiZmnz5PVbLHd7-rJTsDikYlbsQbEC5HbwNsHKydcCFpB954CN7sKhplFDzMs3s2IeLA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252861%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ですから何がそこにあるかを 知るという「知覚」は 情報に基づく推測の過程に ならざるを得ません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So perception -- figuring out what's there -- has to be a process of informed guesswork </span><br />
<br />
そこでは脳は これらの感覚的な信号を 世界がどんなものかについての 事前の期待や信念と結びつけて 何がその信号を起こしたのか 最善の推測を構成します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in which the brain combines these sensory signals with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is to form its best guess of what caused those signals. </span><br />
<br />
脳が音を聞いたり光を見たり している訳ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The brain doesn't hear sound or see light. </span><br />
<br />
私たちが知覚するのは 世界で起きていることに関する最善の推測です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IfQGOnvIS4-dZMPqOALB7trnkP_saW1qq2yvUxJlZsHp46fEVnWbVgd0UIMRtPrJpinE1ji_Ya-s9OTGi4Ew0mBg9ZCX4eHmn_TJmY7YqJ2zo47Q5WuSz9wEDp7PpieoZ-Fetei0aoc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252863%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IfQGOnvIS4-dZMPqOALB7trnkP_saW1qq2yvUxJlZsHp46fEVnWbVgd0UIMRtPrJpinE1ji_Ya-s9OTGi4Ew0mBg9ZCX4eHmn_TJmY7YqJ2zo47Q5WuSz9wEDp7PpieoZ-Fetei0aoc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252863%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">04:57</span></i><br />
<br />
ここまでお話ししたことの例を いくつか挙げましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let me give you a couple of examples of all this. </span><br />
<br />
この目の錯覚は ご存じかもしれませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You might have seen this illusion before, </span><br />
<br />
新たな方向から 考えて頂きたいと思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I'd like you to think about it in a new way. </span><br />
<br />
AとBの2つの区画を 見ていただくと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you look at those two patches, A and B, </span><br />
<br />
灰色の濃さが非常に異なって 見えるはずです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right? </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbHEU4lzZj71OLjpBskmcFZfj25eVJkej86pj1Nr1JA-qp0mxCrni_O1XdIxUNs4XUiqy3enprd3ZZN2IDHdT9FEv3gnmZzRbt6ECxnsbTo2k07CadG8PO4wO_p5n7Yvy3XDylaEgR94/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252865%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbHEU4lzZj71OLjpBskmcFZfj25eVJkej86pj1Nr1JA-qp0mxCrni_O1XdIxUNs4XUiqy3enprd3ZZN2IDHdT9FEv3gnmZzRbt6ECxnsbTo2k07CadG8PO4wO_p5n7Yvy3XDylaEgR94/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252865%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
でも実際は全く同じ濃さなんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But they are in fact exactly the same shade. </span><br />
<br />
それを示すことができます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I can illustrate this. </span><br />
<br />
第2バージョンの絵では 2つの区画を 灰色のバーで繋いでいて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If I put up a second version of the image here and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar, </span><br />
<br />
全く違いがなく見えますね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you can see there's no difference. </span><br />
<br />
灰色の濃さは全く同じなんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's exactly the same shade of gray. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGD7EWyzoypEnA5e4hIKhE0Na0UwFpa23hPCZcUd8dZEdopKuu2hWoOh0vtRBrd1URyUmhPDtMGXWcItudzGbusPGYDMBe5bxye8AQMlhGvWTxb1xLh8YeO-68_9WbCl0OzYv6so3GXk/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252866%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGD7EWyzoypEnA5e4hIKhE0Na0UwFpa23hPCZcUd8dZEdopKuu2hWoOh0vtRBrd1URyUmhPDtMGXWcItudzGbusPGYDMBe5bxye8AQMlhGvWTxb1xLh8YeO-68_9WbCl0OzYv6so3GXk/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252866%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
もしまだ信じられないなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if you still don't believe me, </span><br />
<br />
バーをずらして 区画に重ねてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'll bring the bar across and join them up. </span><br />
<br />
一色の灰色の塊になり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's a single colored block of gray, </span><br />
<br />
違いは全くありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's no difference at all. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA-EVXzrpTLr9e4m-52a-gpnuzwqATcR9dD5isewdrL5qyOsknhjP1p1XQYzJLSj09ySzPZJ-xetZIkSNtfgPVCBxgDDA1wvZWD_2TVP16_sjmlzvzM4hLgeNA3A3SDiEmanFP5t7p1gg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252867%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA-EVXzrpTLr9e4m-52a-gpnuzwqATcR9dD5isewdrL5qyOsknhjP1p1XQYzJLSj09ySzPZJ-xetZIkSNtfgPVCBxgDDA1wvZWD_2TVP16_sjmlzvzM4hLgeNA3A3SDiEmanFP5t7p1gg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252867%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これは手品でも何でもなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This isn't any kind of magic trick. </span><br />
<br />
灰色の濃さは同じです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's the same shade of gray, </span><br />
<br />
でも バーを取りのけると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but take it away again, </span><br />
<br />
また違って見えるようになります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and it looks different. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9Zl00BoARWgw5unFD-OO6RhOH2UaHu99w6yq_RBhm0XEfKVo0iLlXPPcUb5vcMjl5K5Hz-hTTRKkFl6JRc5WiWiXCledLJy5n1VlXTyq_79eZvAhxb059fglCw85mxCloe8lWXLqiRw/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252868%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9Zl00BoARWgw5unFD-OO6RhOH2UaHu99w6yq_RBhm0XEfKVo0iLlXPPcUb5vcMjl5K5Hz-hTTRKkFl6JRc5WiWiXCledLJy5n1VlXTyq_79eZvAhxb059fglCw85mxCloe8lWXLqiRw/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252868%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
何が起きているのかというと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what's happening here is </span><br />
<br />
脳は事前の期待を 用いているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that the brain is using its prior expectations </span><br />
<br />
それは視覚野の回路の中に 深く構築されており 「影がかかると 物の表面は より暗く見える」ということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface, </span><br />
<br />
それでBが実際より 明るく見えるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so that we see B as lighter than it really is.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">05:53</span></i><br />
<br />
もう1つの例があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here's one more example, </span><br />
<br />
脳がいかに素早く 新しい予測を使って 意識経験を変化させられるかを 示すものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions to change what we consciously experience. </span><br />
<br />
これをお聴きください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Have a listen to this.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(ゆがんだ音声)</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(Distorted voice)</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
なんか奇妙に聞こえますよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Sounded strange, right? </span><br />
<br />
何か分かるか もう一度聴いてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(ゆがんだ音声)</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(Distorted voice)</span><br />
<br />
やっぱり変ですよね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Still strange. </span><br />
<br />
ではこれをお聴きください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now listen to this.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(音声)(Recording) </span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;"> I think Brexit is a really terrible idea. </span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(ブレグジットは全くひどい考えだなあ)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
ほんとにそう思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Which I do.</span><br />
<br />
言っていることが 聞き取れましたね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So you heard some words there, right? </span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
では最初の音声をもう一度聴いてください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now listen to the first sound again. </span><br />
<br />
同じものを再生します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm just going to replay it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(ゆがんだ音声)(Distorted voice)</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.</span><br />
<br />
今回は言葉が聞き取れたでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yeah? So you can now hear words there. </span><br />
<br />
おまけで もう1回<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Once more for luck.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(ゆがんだ音声)</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232;">(Distorted voice)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">06:41</span></i><br />
<br />
ではここで 何が起きているのでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OK, so what's going on here? </span><br />
<br />
注目すべきことは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The remarkable thing is </span><br />
<br />
脳に届く感覚情報は 全く変わっていないことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the sensory information coming into the brain hasn't changed at all. </span><br />
<br />
ここで変わったのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All that's changed is </span><br />
<br />
感覚情報の原因に対する 皆さんの脳の 最善の推測だけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">your brain's best guess of the causes of that sensory information. </span><br />
<br />
その推測が 意識して聞く内容を 変えるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that changes what you consciously hear. </span><br />
<br />
このことは 知覚に関する 脳の基礎を考える上で 少し違った観点を 与えてくれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All this puts the brain basis of perception in a bit of a different light. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMorg5h7rNnv75pIpL-ofa2Qqj0z62oA-OtgOmPIow73nPn-b9_p1h_sKhh19uwyNyompGukjZ3CI8NrqYP2BV7fXvn-XuMvhuXQBwcPYwQv_CZqNUhxPnXqm3GaZ7tXEuHtfjWDoXAs/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252869%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMorg5h7rNnv75pIpL-ofa2Qqj0z62oA-OtgOmPIow73nPn-b9_p1h_sKhh19uwyNyompGukjZ3CI8NrqYP2BV7fXvn-XuMvhuXQBwcPYwQv_CZqNUhxPnXqm3GaZ7tXEuHtfjWDoXAs/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252869%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
知覚というのは 外の世界から脳に入ってくる 信号に頼るだけでなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain from the outside world, </span><br />
<br />
それに勝るとも劣らず 反対向きの知覚的な予測にも 依存しているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it depends as much, if not more, on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEGBFwGD_8Bg65fuBMeHHNlz7j-7lHZQ3OqbAPHZkyTp-sbKYiFNcnA20ZjHn1lMtf1D7FPLROPIsgm2A4itFVP1mOkqXOg9PE7OtFO4PmXar0y_o_iKRQ4ZJOiYmUGjIfb9xkoBd8AE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252870%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEGBFwGD_8Bg65fuBMeHHNlz7j-7lHZQ3OqbAPHZkyTp-sbKYiFNcnA20ZjHn1lMtf1D7FPLROPIsgm2A4itFVP1mOkqXOg9PE7OtFO4PmXar0y_o_iKRQ4ZJOiYmUGjIfb9xkoBd8AE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252870%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
私たちは単に受動的に 世界を知覚するのではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We don't just passively perceive the world, </span><br />
<br />
能動的に世界を生成しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we actively generate it. </span><br />
<br />
私たちが経験している世界は 外側から来るだけでなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The world we experience comes as much, </span><br />
<br />
それに勝るとも劣らず 内側からも作られる訳です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">if not more, from the inside out as from the outside in.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1ZqgeChdcZlLrMCOULLxmsrSws4csYtmvePNbbuqjeNz0dfN_evDOI0Yw1eGRILrx_OtQwBAz-U0TTwAsGFQ71jMt3N89EfkdXvmLZveN4E2U_bqmXHoJN_0TWrvNmI9gqwGz25qv-o/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252871%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1ZqgeChdcZlLrMCOULLxmsrSws4csYtmvePNbbuqjeNz0dfN_evDOI0Yw1eGRILrx_OtQwBAz-U0TTwAsGFQ71jMt3N89EfkdXvmLZveN4E2U_bqmXHoJN_0TWrvNmI9gqwGz25qv-o/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252871%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">07:23</span></i><br />
<br />
例をもう1つ紹介しましょう この能動的な 構築の過程としての 知覚の例です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let me give you one more example of perception as this active, constructive process. </span><br />
<br />
ここでは没入型バーチャル・リアリティと 画像処理を組み合わせて 過剰に強い知覚的予測が 経験に及ぼす効果を シミュレーションしました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions on experience. </span><br />
<br />
このパノラマ映像では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In this panoramic video, </span><br />
<br />
世界が変容しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we've transformed the world -- </span><br />
<br />
この場合はサセックス大学構内を サイケデリックな遊び場に変えました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which is in this case Sussex campus -- into a psychedelic playground. </span><br />
<br />
Google の Deep Dream に基づく アルゴリズムを用いて素材を処理し 過剰に強い知覚的予測の効果を シミュレートしました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions. </span><br />
<br />
今回は 犬が見えるようにしました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In this case, to see dogs. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZJ2LDOC2P8eZYzLtcRmkgO15TyCdwJa0SPlmVfMr91MgY3fOyHJjBulD0F7Vi793V5fr8efPRfeHJlMA9ybSZQrxCdA7js2vWRS2QO8yC1UKie_OYZZCAF6Da2zQorGqKuBaxRlJ7UU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252875%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPZJ2LDOC2P8eZYzLtcRmkgO15TyCdwJa0SPlmVfMr91MgY3fOyHJjBulD0F7Vi793V5fr8efPRfeHJlMA9ybSZQrxCdA7js2vWRS2QO8yC1UKie_OYZZCAF6Da2zQorGqKuBaxRlJ7UU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252875%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これは非常に奇妙に見えるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And you can see this is a very strange thing. </span><br />
<br />
こんなふうに 知覚的予測が強すぎると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When perceptual predictions are too strong, as they are here, </span><br />
<br />
薬物の影響下の人が報告する 幻覚のように見えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations people might report in altered states, </span><br />
<br />
精神病の状態にも 似ているかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">or perhaps even in psychosis.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">08:09</span></i><br />
<br />
これを少し考えてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, think about this for a minute. </span><br />
<br />
もし幻覚が ある種 制御を外れた知覚だとしたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception, </span><br />
<br />
今ここにおける知覚もまた 一種の幻覚であり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination, </span><br />
<br />
ただ こちらの方は 制御が効いていて 脳の予測は 外からの感覚情報に 従っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but a controlled hallucination in which the brain's predictions are being reigned in by sensory information from the world. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjykNGx6utpul5pNxiHLZFlda4jF3wZZRSBjeTJLIGpPZ5gL5mUwc2QFtM07mOL-D8a9u4igy2DNJ7DIgpMvHZt4Ghln1j5HgowWwlu1XJMvY1gOQt8f_gsVbHlsXJ8XI0iouclPvUEBE4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252877%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjykNGx6utpul5pNxiHLZFlda4jF3wZZRSBjeTJLIGpPZ5gL5mUwc2QFtM07mOL-D8a9u4igy2DNJ7DIgpMvHZt4Ghln1j5HgowWwlu1XJMvY1gOQt8f_gsVbHlsXJ8XI0iouclPvUEBE4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252877%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
実際には 私たちは皆 ずっと幻覚を見続けているんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time, </span><br />
<br />
今ここでもです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">including right now. </span><br />
<br />
幻覚について 一同が合意している時<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations, </span><br />
<br />
それを「現実」と呼ぶんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we call that reality.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">08:41</span></i><br />
<br />
次にお話しするのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now I'm going to tell you </span><br />
<br />
皆さんの「自己」という経験―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that your experience of being a self, </span><br />
<br />
つまり 自分であるという 独自の経験も<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the specific experience of being you, </span><br />
<br />
脳によって生成された 制御された幻覚だということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain. </span><br />
<br />
すごく奇妙な考えに思えるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This seems a very strange idea, right? </span><br />
<br />
錯覚に目は欺かれるとしても<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes, </span><br />
<br />
「私である」という感覚が 欺かれるはずないと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me? </span><br />
<br />
私たちの大半にとって<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">For most of us, </span><br />
<br />
1人の人間だという経験は とても馴染み深く<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the experience of being a person is so familiar, </span><br />
<br />
ひとまとまりのもので 連続性もあるため<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so unified and so continuous </span><br />
<br />
それが当然ではないと考えるのは 難しいものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that it's difficult not to take it for granted. </span><br />
<br />
でも当然だと 受け取るべきではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But we shouldn't take it for granted. </span><br />
<br />
実際 自分であるという経験には 様々な面があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self. </span><br />
<br />
自分には身体があり その身体が自分である という経験があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's the experience of having a body and of being a body. </span><br />
<br />
世界を自分が知覚している という経験があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are experiences of perceiving the world from a first person point of view. </span><br />
<br />
何かをしようとしている という経験や<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are experiences of intending to do things </span><br />
<br />
世界で起きることの原因になっている という経験があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and of being the cause of things that happen in the world. </span><br />
<br />
時間を通じて 連続性のある 1人の人間であるという経験もあって<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And there are experiences of being a continuous and distinctive person over time, </span><br />
<br />
それは記憶や 人との関わりの 豊かな組み合わせから成っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyJ_F73oPNZwuMeYDd4El0-JwDabXmhWFErdqA7Ha_44tQPElWGUi01fD4pUs7wbJLrTpHXlO0cpulmdH0fJpQ21WbBEQQjTGo1RYsLhwv26vn34ptIZArh-JpXNy2zoOOomxdOAiK5s/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252879%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyJ_F73oPNZwuMeYDd4El0-JwDabXmhWFErdqA7Ha_44tQPElWGUi01fD4pUs7wbJLrTpHXlO0cpulmdH0fJpQ21WbBEQQjTGo1RYsLhwv26vn34ptIZArh-JpXNy2zoOOomxdOAiK5s/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252879%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">09:32</span></i><br />
<br />
多くの実験が示しており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Many experiments show, </span><br />
<br />
精神科医や神経科学者なら とても良く知っていることですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well, </span><br />
<br />
このような様々な形の 自分であるという経験は 破綻してしまうこともあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that these different ways in which we experience being a self can all come apart. </span><br />
<br />
つまり統一体としての自分である ということの基本的な背景となる経験は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What this means is the basic background experience of being a unified self </span><br />
<br />
脳による 結構もろい構築物であり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is a rather fragile construction of the brain. </span><br />
<br />
他のものと同じように 説明を要する経験なのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Another experience, which just like all others, requires explanation.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh782KLgOVz7M0BvpSEQA00gTKyEkLcGkHOUGVIekkSV4NpVCqtqz2Ch1UgyjNf5uAieAnHfkG_QTLeWr9Vr214hurCtsMY3mAqJqRd3-XbWxzT9kLunPHHHY8fJJzfwhvOzsARE7Pq96s/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252880%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh782KLgOVz7M0BvpSEQA00gTKyEkLcGkHOUGVIekkSV4NpVCqtqz2Ch1UgyjNf5uAieAnHfkG_QTLeWr9Vr214hurCtsMY3mAqJqRd3-XbWxzT9kLunPHHHY8fJJzfwhvOzsARE7Pq96s/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252880%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">09:52</span></i><br />
<br />
身体的な自分の話に戻りましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So let's return to the bodily self. </span><br />
<br />
その身体が自分であるとか 自分には身体があるという経験を 脳はどうやって生成するのか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How does the brain generate the experience of being a body and of having a body? </span><br />
<br />
全く同じ原理が適用されます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Well, just the same principles apply. </span><br />
<br />
脳は 何が自分の身体の一部で 何がそうでないのか 最善の推測を行うのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The brain makes its best guess about what is and what is not part of its body. </span><br />
<br />
神経科学には これを例証する 素晴らしい実験があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this. </span><br />
<br />
大半の神経科学的な実験と違って<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And unlike most neuroscience experiments, </span><br />
<br />
これは家でもできます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">this is one you can do at home. </span><br />
<br />
必要なのはこのゴムの手だけ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All you need is one of these.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
あとは絵筆2本です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And a couple of paintbrushes.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkytsc0ezwYnXKL37ZtBo7IXPrUS10vAhbbGYvZuAyLSA4WqUhEBG28ffgA4TfriqOzIA-YNLJGZXyazmW_jDiaE462BEhi7SfR2kyoRr8wxief5L0wC07s3h1Ucv7yU0BD3TJHEe-6c/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252881%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkytsc0ezwYnXKL37ZtBo7IXPrUS10vAhbbGYvZuAyLSA4WqUhEBG28ffgA4TfriqOzIA-YNLJGZXyazmW_jDiaE462BEhi7SfR2kyoRr8wxief5L0wC07s3h1Ucv7yU0BD3TJHEe-6c/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252881%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">10:18</span></i><br />
<br />
この「ゴムの手の錯覚」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In the rubber hand illusion, </span><br />
<br />
では 本物の手は 見えないよう隠されていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a person's real hand is hidden from view, </span><br />
<br />
偽のゴム製の手が 参加者の 目の前に置かれています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them. </span><br />
<br />
そして本物と偽物の手が 同時に絵筆で撫でられる間 その人は偽の手を見つめています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush while the person stares at the fake hand. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhveAfL65sTRQIbl9edfqBKQVfToFuO8EDYDjjQNy7tUU36zbBN7MgFzcfwr2k_pSdaxYI4UPNUWq-K0RUk1wXSjSmHNx24mxIaAgk6gKRwWQxPhlrG82WrdHCj8mLsM4Q_igWjBW0h8bQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252882%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhveAfL65sTRQIbl9edfqBKQVfToFuO8EDYDjjQNy7tUU36zbBN7MgFzcfwr2k_pSdaxYI4UPNUWq-K0RUk1wXSjSmHNx24mxIaAgk6gKRwWQxPhlrG82WrdHCj8mLsM4Q_igWjBW0h8bQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252882%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
すると 大抵の人は しばらくすると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, for most people, after a while, </span><br />
<br />
非常に奇妙な感覚を覚えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">this leads to the very uncanny sensation </span><br />
<br />
偽物の手を自分の身体の一部だと 感じるようになるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that the fake hand is in fact part of their body. </span><br />
<br />
つまり 概ね手があるはずの場所にある 手に似た物体が撫でられるのを見て それが撫でられる感覚と 一致しているなら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be, </span><br />
<br />
その偽物の手は 自分の身体の一部だという風に 脳が最善の推測を行うための 証拠としては 十分なのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(突然 偽の手が突き刺される — 笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwULQhlIj-02Sx4Kr87A-FUsLiXWIHsZgAUtL_Nia7_VcEyHlKkN_XW8ZifamcPpRt0zCtsgItK5kf6NCAcQecOmEfrqHO_BaRnDdePEGixYUZrB4wh98xpKTGTWDAhpk80YOzEUBLhk/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252883%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwULQhlIj-02Sx4Kr87A-FUsLiXWIHsZgAUtL_Nia7_VcEyHlKkN_XW8ZifamcPpRt0zCtsgItK5kf6NCAcQecOmEfrqHO_BaRnDdePEGixYUZrB4wh98xpKTGTWDAhpk80YOzEUBLhk/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252883%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">11:03</span></i><br />
<br />
巧妙な測定法はいろいろあるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So you can measure all kinds of clever things. </span><br />
<br />
皮膚伝導反応や驚愕反応を 測ることもできます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You can measure skin conductance and startle responses, </span><br />
<br />
でもそんな必要はありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but there's no need. </span><br />
<br />
青シャツの青年は明らかに 偽物の手を自分の手のように感じていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand. </span><br />
<br />
つまり何が自分の身体か という経験すら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This means that even experiences of what our body is </span><br />
<br />
一種の 最善の推測に過ぎず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is a kind of best guessing -- </span><br />
<br />
脳による 一種の 制御された幻覚なんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">11:21</span></i><br />
<br />
もう1つあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's one more thing. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは自分の身体を 外界の中にある 物体としてだけ経験する訳ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside, </span><br />
<br />
身体の経験は内部からも生じます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we also experience them from within. </span><br />
<br />
その身体が自分であるという感覚を 私たちは皆 内側から経験しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsNXrYKSGaV2vayNlOGck2EcUAl2XIjiJfGkZMhMXrw6muNaThIHr37tEUUdWChm8PpZCOwOPa1rDLLFA3SkC774yumuw8NNgnbQBJWcj3Fss4OgcSd0-KS_9PW3Y_IYH8_y9e4GjdkU4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252884%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsNXrYKSGaV2vayNlOGck2EcUAl2XIjiJfGkZMhMXrw6muNaThIHr37tEUUdWChm8PpZCOwOPa1rDLLFA3SkC774yumuw8NNgnbQBJWcj3Fss4OgcSd0-KS_9PW3Y_IYH8_y9e4GjdkU4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252884%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして身体の内部から来る感覚信号は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body </span><br />
<br />
脳に内臓器官の状態を 継続的に伝えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs, </span><br />
<br />
心臓の動きがどうか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">how the heart is doing, </span><br />
<br />
血圧はどれ位かなど<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">what the blood pressure is like, </span><br />
<br />
多くの事柄をです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">lots of things. </span><br />
<br />
この類の知覚は 「内受容」と呼ばれ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This kind of perception, which we call interoception, </span><br />
<br />
見逃されがちですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is rather overlooked. </span><br />
<br />
非常に重要なものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it's critically important </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4GAp9qsLU1-0WFFBSVhMYq8nFikCed-0x-JsOLz2L1aQrmtoWsArdK_ZKeXzBhLRhTxJ3_dsXiHPlxkpUTt3KCr5mEHXjX3mr05tbzXlW1MtDv9b0cPFlPPhvciB-bbXsW_k2L2zOkzk/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252885%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4GAp9qsLU1-0WFFBSVhMYq8nFikCed-0x-JsOLz2L1aQrmtoWsArdK_ZKeXzBhLRhTxJ3_dsXiHPlxkpUTt3KCr5mEHXjX3mr05tbzXlW1MtDv9b0cPFlPPhvciB-bbXsW_k2L2zOkzk/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252885%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
なぜなら身体内部状態の 知覚と調節によってこそ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body -- </span><br />
<br />
私たちは生き続けられるのですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">well, that's what keeps us alive.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">11:57</span></i><br />
<br />
これは「ゴムの手の錯覚」の 別バージョンで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion. </span><br />
<br />
私たちの研究室でのものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is from our lab at Sussex. </span><br />
<br />
ここで参加者は 自分の手の 仮想現実版を見ます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheOg2_9oXmlejWoQPgZu2nL1Aq3e7gOTwZYqZQeU4Q8tzH2GYsxeDsXew9_HiezBc3yvifCQ_xqi_VfR4X9RyqcgGz4nv3UqoDLlqsHj-_OuAilMVVBnLAnTJJ0ZXGNJR7Sa4k4fgVsgg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252887%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheOg2_9oXmlejWoQPgZu2nL1Aq3e7gOTwZYqZQeU4Q8tzH2GYsxeDsXew9_HiezBc3yvifCQ_xqi_VfR4X9RyqcgGz4nv3UqoDLlqsHj-_OuAilMVVBnLAnTJJ0ZXGNJR7Sa4k4fgVsgg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252887%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
心拍に合った あるいは 外れたタイミングで 肌が赤みを帯びるように なっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which flashes red and back either in time or out of time with their heartbeat. </span><br />
<br />
心拍に同期して赤くなる時<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat, </span><br />
<br />
自分の身体の一部である という感覚をより強く持ちます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-WBpvpuKH_Hu-5i7ERl3e85nqwSKTCFDLTHK6ZoNIlvJa-uuy9UGndIPMOcRA-xMY8qnRaLN_0gfi9wM7-2AL_8-fAqIan7DGEnHjw_nQi5HBuheETxWl2abMY7zpmDB0K5_AA8T47EQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252890%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-WBpvpuKH_Hu-5i7ERl3e85nqwSKTCFDLTHK6ZoNIlvJa-uuy9UGndIPMOcRA-xMY8qnRaLN_0gfi9wM7-2AL_8-fAqIan7DGEnHjw_nQi5HBuheETxWl2abMY7zpmDB0K5_AA8T47EQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252890%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ですから 自分には身体があるという経験は 内部からの身体の知覚に 深く根付いているんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded in perceiving our bodies from within.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">12:23</span></i><br />
<br />
皆さんに注意を向けてほしいことが 最後にもう1つあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to, </span><br />
<br />
内部から来る 身体の経験は 身の周りの世界の経験と 大きく違うことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different from experiences of the world around us. </span><br />
<br />
周りを見回すと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When I look around me, </span><br />
<br />
世界には物体があふれているようです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the world seems full of objects -- </span><br />
<br />
テーブル、椅子、ゴムの手、 皆さん しかも大勢<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">tables, chairs, rubber hands, people, you lot -- </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8hdzhzzfTSspXOyBNoAb44SCtAvAov85d_EdW1mrw_o2QJ5YzyCixydfcMEpYv-qo5VigUnBXuJLwXKidZN1QQBHAaGzjdgs0bzZ_rheNGtIjmLLcwcblLT_48BCtY28OOSADMxx3lY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252893%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8hdzhzzfTSspXOyBNoAb44SCtAvAov85d_EdW1mrw_o2QJ5YzyCixydfcMEpYv-qo5VigUnBXuJLwXKidZN1QQBHAaGzjdgs0bzZ_rheNGtIjmLLcwcblLT_48BCtY28OOSADMxx3lY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252893%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
私の身体さえも 世界の中にあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">even my own body in the world, </span><br />
<br />
自分の身体は外側の物体として 知覚することもできますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I can perceive it as an object from the outside. </span><br />
<br />
内部からの身体の経験は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But my experiences of the body from within, </span><br />
<br />
それとは全く異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they're not like that at all. </span><br />
<br />
別にこんな風に知覚はしません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't perceive </span><br />
<br />
「腎臓はここだな」とか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">my kidneys here, </span><br />
<br />
「肝臓はここ」とか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">my liver here, </span><br />
<br />
それから脾臓は・・・<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">my spleen ... </span><br />
<br />
どこか分かんないけど<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't know where my spleen is, </span><br />
<br />
どっかにあるんでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but it's somewhere. </span><br />
<br />
私は自分の内部を 物体として知覚しません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't perceive my insides as objects. </span><br />
<br />
何か問題がない限りは 意識もしません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVangy_Kb9TOx1pzU2H5VRcR9Jr5OOUU9bkNdv9r_28Rt9JpFCZ8CD6Tlu5jhrnmxy2AZMEVownkjK3lonlkjYsPKqFuJHR1P5qOZBTKZk5A0cT6cw5O8PeUc0siMqhNh62J2ejbZooX0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252894%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVangy_Kb9TOx1pzU2H5VRcR9Jr5OOUU9bkNdv9r_28Rt9JpFCZ8CD6Tlu5jhrnmxy2AZMEVownkjK3lonlkjYsPKqFuJHR1P5qOZBTKZk5A0cT6cw5O8PeUc0siMqhNh62J2ejbZooX0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252894%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これが重要なのだと思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this is important, I think. </span><br />
<br />
身体内部の状態についての知覚は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Perception of the internal state of the body </span><br />
<br />
どこに何があるか知る ということではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">isn't about figuring out what's there, </span><br />
<br />
制御と調節に関するものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's about control and regulation -- </span><br />
<br />
生理学的な変数を 生存可能な狭い範囲内に 収めるということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds that are compatible with survival. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGppNCvOdL2t7hXnFqcO6r7wejvTQzIYKQ2q9Z414WnkIFhUyV5C7j7b_f7o1vb7cj64BVkC-mAbi7OVJAPad5rvJXcIEMJmQmDNANDKMObygj0Nx1ub5612Acsorj7juutS6Z8jauRwA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252895%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGppNCvOdL2t7hXnFqcO6r7wejvTQzIYKQ2q9Z414WnkIFhUyV5C7j7b_f7o1vb7cj64BVkC-mAbi7OVJAPad5rvJXcIEMJmQmDNANDKMObygj0Nx1ub5612Acsorj7juutS6Z8jauRwA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252895%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そこに何があるのかを理解しようと 脳が予測を用いる時<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは物体を 感覚の原因として知覚します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we perceive objects as the causes of sensations. </span><br />
<br />
脳が制御や調節のために 予測を用いる時は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは制御が上手くいっているか いないかを経験します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we experience how well or how badly that control is going.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">13:29</span></i><br />
<br />
ですから自分であるという 私たちの最も基本的な経験―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So our most basic experiences of being a self, </span><br />
<br />
肉体を持つ生命体である という経験は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">of being an embodied organism, </span><br />
<br />
私たちを生かし続けている 生物学的機構に深く根ざしているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive. </span><br />
<br />
そしてこの考えに すっかり従うならば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when we follow this idea all the way through, </span><br />
<br />
私たちの意識経験の全体が どのようなものか見えてきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences, </span><br />
<br />
全ては生きるという 基本的な衝動に由来する 予測に基づく知覚という 同じメカニズムに依存しているからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception, </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
私たちの世界や自分の経験は 生きた身体があってこそ 生きた身体を通じて 生きた身体が故に 生じるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We experience the world and ourselves with, through and because of our living bodies.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">14:01</span></i><br />
<br />
少しずつ まとめをしていきましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let me bring things together step-by-step. </span><br />
<br />
私たちが意識の上で 見ているものは 何があるかという 脳の最善の推測に依存しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What we consciously see depends on the brain's best guess of what's out there. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseAkHKebIBqfi_ye1rwmPpvSqpmyMc_QOEnLEuNmi-DhCCPl2x4WN7NdVbIC3NsrDFtS_uYq0tR7vqsF7gn-RSCml5cSTVwjYxGT_inbEeY81_McWorJ6wyFPL6r3HS-Wgi9UGZ4gdW0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252896%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseAkHKebIBqfi_ye1rwmPpvSqpmyMc_QOEnLEuNmi-DhCCPl2x4WN7NdVbIC3NsrDFtS_uYq0tR7vqsF7gn-RSCml5cSTVwjYxGT_inbEeY81_McWorJ6wyFPL6r3HS-Wgi9UGZ4gdW0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252896%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
私たちが経験する世界は 外側からだけではなく 内側からも作られます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Our experienced world comes from the inside out, not just the outside in. </span><br />
<br />
「ゴムの手の錯覚」は そのことが 何が自分の身体で 何がそうでないのかという 経験にも当てはまることを示しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences of what is and what is not our body. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgirs6acXzYCAmPxcEG-twZ23E6I51TxV6ErnHDOWbAOI3f0s7TG42j9VTVA3VjGfczSYeIvuR9Q3JJ6vQ65tZbjNk4f5RGPPnZaXdMbbBjCQ9UzEHx5xyc8PkZW5ZNKxDzlHJkOlgoI3o/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252897%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgirs6acXzYCAmPxcEG-twZ23E6I51TxV6ErnHDOWbAOI3f0s7TG42j9VTVA3VjGfczSYeIvuR9Q3JJ6vQ65tZbjNk4f5RGPPnZaXdMbbBjCQ9UzEHx5xyc8PkZW5ZNKxDzlHJkOlgoI3o/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252897%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これらの自分に関係する事柄の予測は 身体内部の深いところから来る― 感覚信号に 強く依存しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals coming from deep inside the body. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmuFekYATPpyKE_lqPr7oMguYuwfThZ368pixj2KWMI6IO26ODaktiTcd6rkyrwzl_-kNk8P1xMMs9Fx2FRWFILCqdnjDv3c86W_ke1ff1JpgVxFRnYcFpQbolofVKD9yULozQ8QRIN5g/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252898%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmuFekYATPpyKE_lqPr7oMguYuwfThZ368pixj2KWMI6IO26ODaktiTcd6rkyrwzl_-kNk8P1xMMs9Fx2FRWFILCqdnjDv3c86W_ke1ff1JpgVxFRnYcFpQbolofVKD9yULozQ8QRIN5g/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252898%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして最後に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And finally, </span><br />
<br />
身体を持つという経験は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">experiences of being an embodied self </span><br />
<br />
どこに何があるかよりも 制御や調節に関するものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">are more about control and regulation than figuring out what's there. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6G15TOS89Q_935ercKsHNCUYYwJUbnXQZ4s3QttwAVYtdeCLA66nEO-aTlNFkcHXCCszM8XydGs6SmpYDpG0nxVF5Hl6I9RQKM5pOJSROse-wqR4f7QYBcJS-aVOIL3DAPwYOK30lys/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252899%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv6G15TOS89Q_935ercKsHNCUYYwJUbnXQZ4s3QttwAVYtdeCLA66nEO-aTlNFkcHXCCszM8XydGs6SmpYDpG0nxVF5Hl6I9RQKM5pOJSROse-wqR4f7QYBcJS-aVOIL3DAPwYOK30lys/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252899%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ですから身の周りの世界の経験や その中にいる自分自身の経験は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it -- </span><br />
<br />
制御された幻覚のようなもので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations </span><br />
<br />
危険と機会に満ちた世界で 生き残るために 何百万年という進化の中で 形作られたものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは 予測によって 存在し続けられているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We predict ourselves into existence.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwnEO_wikJAT2Hl15fnjLCZmnP7pV5at0AszNx7srzj2tU-1ksuudxtA0pO1Y7IZOxvbwt4zIiuReDERu4KhZ7sBst14hhfN90Ih3LmAY0_faVdrbx2QzclwbZJ0QwFbWx7w0Iwr3jaE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528100%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwnEO_wikJAT2Hl15fnjLCZmnP7pV5at0AszNx7srzj2tU-1ksuudxtA0pO1Y7IZOxvbwt4zIiuReDERu4KhZ7sBst14hhfN90Ih3LmAY0_faVdrbx2QzclwbZJ0QwFbWx7w0Iwr3jaE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528100%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">14:48</span></i><br />
<br />
では最後に 3つのことを 示唆しておきたいと思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, I leave you with three implications of all this. </span><br />
<br />
その1<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">First, </span><br />
<br />
世界を誤って 知覚することがあるように<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">just as we can misperceive the world, </span><br />
<br />
自分自身を 誤って知覚することもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we can misperceive ourselves </span><br />
<br />
予測のメカニズムが うまく働かない時にです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAo4zGvQr6JfdBkeRXOJM95syO2593nJtb7L-G2LwV_t-dJLy-4dtsqTUelkianv8yI6dCm9G4XImW048qUoGxSDCdoPp2Jrkn2nKW2oXtNedn8S4aEFuMUHPH6ulBAQNLJdvrgY1_dY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528101%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAo4zGvQr6JfdBkeRXOJM95syO2593nJtb7L-G2LwV_t-dJLy-4dtsqTUelkianv8yI6dCm9G4XImW048qUoGxSDCdoPp2Jrkn2nKW2oXtNedn8S4aEFuMUHPH6ulBAQNLJdvrgY1_dY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528101%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これを理解することで 精神医学や神経科学に 多くの新しい可能性が開けます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology, </span><br />
<br />
抑うつや統合失調症などに対し 症状に対処するだけではなく そのメカニズムに たどりつけるかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because we can finally get at the mechanisms rather than just treating the symptoms in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">15:09</span></i><br />
<br />
その2<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Second: </span><br />
<br />
「私である」ということは ロボット内部のプログラムに 変換もできなければ アップロードもできません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to a software program running on a robot, </span><br />
<br />
いくら賢く洗練された ロボットでもです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">however smart or sophisticated. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは生き物で 血も肉もあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOVkTlxL8aPIHv9sw7ZXHSIXOQEGUmD71-yB6MKEiVtCxv6UH-XscjC0B-OouC5DJz0T-GPgn9WRUEE5YJXxI_I-J1mah7pkr7Ml8On-K7NwJ3fvdqXGZfBGlhiLU0E5lTWiVt197651c/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528102%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOVkTlxL8aPIHv9sw7ZXHSIXOQEGUmD71-yB6MKEiVtCxv6UH-XscjC0B-OouC5DJz0T-GPgn9WRUEE5YJXxI_I-J1mah7pkr7Ml8On-K7NwJ3fvdqXGZfBGlhiLU0E5lTWiVt197651c/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528102%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
意識経験というのは 私たちを生かし続ける 生物学的メカニズムによって あらゆる水準で形作られるものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive. </span><br />
<br />
コンピューターをただ賢くしても 感覚を持たせられる訳ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">15:33</span></i><br />
<br />
その3<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Finally, </span><br />
<br />
私たち独自の 個人的な内的宇宙である 意識のありようは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our own individual inner universe, our way of being conscious, </span><br />
<br />
ほんの1つの形でしかありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">is just one possible way of being conscious. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqhrPnZe8j7TGTPttz9bY9XVwFLjQk0ToO7Rjsq9N7H_9lJGxCvtPdwbqEUDcfzlp6o-ezBLUrUENkyANUKkn1jItA34QYV7f3V3gk1vgp4zv_mM31wd3DxuR7FZyAzooo9ZlpNsptv4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528103%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqhrPnZe8j7TGTPttz9bY9XVwFLjQk0ToO7Rjsq9N7H_9lJGxCvtPdwbqEUDcfzlp6o-ezBLUrUENkyANUKkn1jItA34QYV7f3V3gk1vgp4zv_mM31wd3DxuR7FZyAzooo9ZlpNsptv4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528103%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして人間が意識しているのも<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And even human consciousness generally -- </span><br />
<br />
意識として考えうる領域のうち ほんのわずかにすぎません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses. </span><br />
<br />
1人1人の自己と世界は その人に特有のものですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us, </span><br />
<br />
誰の場合でも 生物学的メカニズムに基礎があり そのことは多くの他の生物と 共通しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms shared with many other living creatures.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">15:57</span></i><br />
<br />
さて これらは私たちがいかに 自分自身を理解するかを 根本的に変えるものですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, these are fundamental changes in how we understand ourselves, </span><br />
<br />
これは喜ぶべきことだと思います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I think they should be celebrated, </span><br />
<br />
科学ではよくあるように<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because as so often in science, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは宇宙の中心にいる訳ではないとした コペルニクスから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">from Copernicus -- we're not at the center of the universe -- </span><br />
<br />
私たちは全ての生物と関係しているとした ダーウィン<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">to Darwin -- we're related to all other creatures -- </span><br />
<br />
そして今日まで それが続いているんですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">to the present day. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFPzZYrMIvhALZsowpUgQWB3YRxxjGHy4u9PRwjpyhuw7iV0tbDZ-gNzdNSSdCCth9nHLpBImIvmwewpBumkdIDgpm8GCftXX7qqU_8ZrOB3l88KU9-q1mCD-9wtsb766PLWvLB1SyCU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528105%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFPzZYrMIvhALZsowpUgQWB3YRxxjGHy4u9PRwjpyhuw7iV0tbDZ-gNzdNSSdCCth9nHLpBImIvmwewpBumkdIDgpm8GCftXX7qqU_8ZrOB3l88KU9-q1mCD-9wtsb766PLWvLB1SyCU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528105%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
理解の感覚が強まれば 不思議さに打たれる感覚も強くなり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">With a greater sense of understanding comes a greater sense of wonder, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは自然の構成要素であって 切り離された存在ではないと より強く認識するようにもなります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and a greater realization that we are part of </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">and not apart from the rest of nature.</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1ZUmkUOeSasbOs0zeDW5mQ3RwN0B33EUiJuqwrhrfA9TV58pRIyPERAtFiIfBLq8_i7ciTcRwgu5VQR4aEuvkXM78mAgRbwYB_9C2VQiE4oU4HZj4jcCbEOGucRgwT1yNw3LYHghfBg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528106%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1ZUmkUOeSasbOs0zeDW5mQ3RwN0B33EUiJuqwrhrfA9TV58pRIyPERAtFiIfBLq8_i7ciTcRwgu5VQR4aEuvkXM78mAgRbwYB_9C2VQiE4oU4HZj4jcCbEOGucRgwT1yNw3LYHghfBg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%2528106%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして・・・<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And ... </span><br />
<br />
意識の終わりが来ても<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when the end of consciousness comes, </span><br />
<br />
恐れるべきことなんてー 何もないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's nothing to be afraid of. Nothing at all.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232;">16:38</span></i><br />
<br />
ありがとうございました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/30-Second-Brain-mind-blowing-neuroscience-explained/dp/1785783564/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1524353139&sr=8-1&keywords=anil+seth&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=c0f8b92fdd5d48fbb6e5ed4a66953dac" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1785783564&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=1785783564" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-5969027621836233062018-03-13T10:44:00.001+09:002018-03-13T10:44:22.636+09:00ダイヤになった北京スモッグ[Daan Roosegaarde]<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ダーン・ローゼハーデ</span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Daan Roosegaarde</span><br />
<br />
スモッグ掃除機をはじめとする夢のような都市デザインの数々<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">A smog vacuum cleaner and other magical city designs</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/ja/daan_roosegaarde_a_smog_vacuum_cleaner_and_other_magical_city_designs" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>00:00</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この暗闇で光る小さな星を 覚えていますか? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Do you remember these glow-in-the-dark little stars </span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">子供の頃 よく天井に 貼っていたものです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which you had on the ceiling when you were a boy or a girl? Yes? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7NNoa_cXhMDZDBc05wAHaGpDWNCql-P9VfUA-23cRhc4iOEeoZjdEdQmaL4kuaNa_jsfPLc2FXXCO7XAnxex3yVlk-MH30UC4akjmvoPQQ39AlP-EkWMVo_8DdUGEedTPxxBqsqR2Iu0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%25282%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7NNoa_cXhMDZDBc05wAHaGpDWNCql-P9VfUA-23cRhc4iOEeoZjdEdQmaL4kuaNa_jsfPLc2FXXCO7XAnxex3yVlk-MH30UC4akjmvoPQQ39AlP-EkWMVo_8DdUGEedTPxxBqsqR2Iu0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%25282%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これは光 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is light. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">純粋な光です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is pure light. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">5歳の頃 私は飽きもせずに ずっとこれを 見つめていました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I think I stared at them way too long when I was a five-year-old, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">とても美しく </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you know? It's so beautiful: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">電気代がかからず </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">no energy bill, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">手入れも不要で </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">no maintenance. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ただ そこに あり続けます</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is there.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>00:18</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">2年前 私たちはラボで 専門家と一緒に これをもっと耐久性があって 明るいものにできないかと 検討していました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So two years ago, we went back to the lab, making it more durable, more light-emitting, with the experts. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">同時に私たちは この人物から依頼を受けました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And at the same time, we got a request from this guy -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ファン・ゴッホ 有名なファン・ゴッホ財団が </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Van Gogh, the famous Van Gogh Foundation -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">オランダで没後125年記念を やりたいと考え </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">who wanted to celebrate his 125th anniversary in the Netherlands. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私のところに来て 聞いたのです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they came to me and asked, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「オランダに ゴッホが 蘇ったように感じられる場を 作れないものだろうか?」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Can you make a place where he feels more alive again in the Netherlands?" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">その問いが気に入って </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I liked that question a lot, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この2つの 異なる世界を 繋げようと 試み始めました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so in way, we sort of started to connect these two different worlds. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ちなみに これが 私の頭が働く方法です</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is how my brain works, by the way.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>00:52</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">こうやって1時間でも やっていたいところですが—</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I would love to keep on doing this for an hour, but OK --</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>00:55</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これが結果として 得られたものです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this is the result that we made: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">自転車道ですが 日中に太陽光で充電して </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a bicycle path which charges at daytime via the sun </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">夜の間 8時間光り続けます</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and glows at night, up to eight hours.</span><br />
<div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7f5KFS6bmmsDy8_pt-g3aGDNc5VGQQ_n3SKjgIRaEVdj7aF1I1Hzd_6yM5Ndw7WxzQHVC0KIK-s0KqDY0pXmnWrad8SrSoCUcR42QC31oyLaD2jc9GuiyvQGi_lj8JhB86t4KnXiBq4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%25286%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7f5KFS6bmmsDy8_pt-g3aGDNc5VGQQ_n3SKjgIRaEVdj7aF1I1Hzd_6yM5Ndw7WxzQHVC0KIK-s0KqDY0pXmnWrad8SrSoCUcR42QC31oyLaD2jc9GuiyvQGi_lj8JhB86t4KnXiBq4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%25286%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうも</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>01:06</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">エネルギーを節約した 未来を想起させ </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">... hinting towards a future which should be energy friendly </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ゴッホ自身が1883年に住み 文字通り歩んでいた場所を 結んでいます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and linking up the local grounds as Van Gogh literally walked and lived there in 1883. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6U0IOkk4hP0t4kxMd3_6HkjxDuBYJmy6Qd-bXN5SURLfv93NG8VKXr84ztsq9VMziJSAXbX7YgAh-OgV3pwDXzhSFHk6REI-_S2F_k5mdL7FtxrPrpSzr6NrSpm3VI2fhiaaP2k6oWio/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252810%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6U0IOkk4hP0t4kxMd3_6HkjxDuBYJmy6Qd-bXN5SURLfv93NG8VKXr84ztsq9VMziJSAXbX7YgAh-OgV3pwDXzhSFHk6REI-_S2F_k5mdL7FtxrPrpSzr6NrSpm3VI2fhiaaP2k6oWio/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252810%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">毎晩でも行くことができ お金もかかりません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And you can go there every night for free, no ticket needed. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">星空の下 自転車に乗る 素晴らしさを体験でき </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">People experience the beauty of cycling through the starry night, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">グリーンエネルギーや安全について 思いを巡らせます</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">thinking about green energy and safety.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikAxu8gd99lf_hX9dvfnBuDGACUZI4SiG6_ljq21v3aiKaUQL8oSTJMcvOC9_8IUNbd8y2710W8F8n-BTWCgugFlHYlspxM_nXNuhM7wmoNjomdctgMWueiuv1_T2eOAEdlnI6S8chyphenhyphen1o/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252812%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikAxu8gd99lf_hX9dvfnBuDGACUZI4SiG6_ljq21v3aiKaUQL8oSTJMcvOC9_8IUNbd8y2710W8F8n-BTWCgugFlHYlspxM_nXNuhM7wmoNjomdctgMWueiuv1_T2eOAEdlnI6S8chyphenhyphen1o/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252812%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>01:24</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">人々が再び繋がっていると感じられる 場所を 私は作りたいのです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I want to create places where people feel connected again. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">このようなプロジェクトを インフラ企業とともに作り出せるのは 素晴らしいことでした </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And it was somehow great to make these projects happen with the industry, with the infrastructure companies. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">カタールのシャイフたちから 「あれは10kmでいくらだ?」と 電話が来たりするようになりました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So when these sheikhs of Qatar started to call: "How much for 10 kilometers?"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>01:39</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">本当の話です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yeah, really, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">奇妙な問い合わせですが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that's a weird call you're going to get. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これが単に一度限りの あったら良いもので終わらない というのは素敵なことです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it's fascinating that this is not just a sort of one-off, nice-to-have special. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">このようなクリエイティブな思考 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I think this kind of creative thinking, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">このような繋がりが 新時代の経済なのだと思います</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">these kinds of connections -- it's the new economy.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>01:51</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">世界経済フォーラムという </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The World Economic Forum, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ジュネーブのシンクタンクが 世界中の賢明なる人々に 尋ねました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the think tank in Geneva, did an interview with a lot of smart people all around the world, asking, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「成功するために最も必要な 10のスキルは何か?」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"What are the top 10 skills you and I need to become successful?" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsDdgl2P1ANCXpXeEIVyTH5LOZRFOqfF-kiW1ZVl4F3dQR2oEuMmgrOBfBqRhW1xe8PobahivZ8tOfLgsPLLTQC561AGIuqhPgqF7p1HeUa60ddlYkW7RD7GeSVD9GSa4rbx78zCOZzU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252814%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsDdgl2P1ANCXpXeEIVyTH5LOZRFOqfF-kiW1ZVl4F3dQR2oEuMmgrOBfBqRhW1xe8PobahivZ8tOfLgsPLLTQC561AGIuqhPgqF7p1HeUa60ddlYkW7RD7GeSVD9GSa4rbx78zCOZzU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252814%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これを見ると興味深いです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And what is interesting, what you see here: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">お金のことでもないし C++で上手くプログラミング できることでもありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's not about money or being really good in C++, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そういう技術があれば 素晴らしいとは思いますが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">although these are great skills to have, I have to admit. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">3番目のを見てください </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But look at number three, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「創造力」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">creativity; </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">2番目は「批判的思考力」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">number two, critical thinking; </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">1番目は「高度な問題解決力」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">number one, complex problem-solving -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">いずれもロボットやコンピューターが 苦手とすることです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">all the things a robot or a computer is really bad at. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これは新しい世界に対して 楽観と希望を抱かせてくれます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this makes me very optimistic, very hopeful for the new world, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この高度に技術が進んだ 世界に暮らしていて </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that as we will live in this hyper-technological world, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちの人間的なスキル— </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our human skills -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">共感したい気持ち </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our desire for empathy, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">好奇心 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our desire for curiosity, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">美を求める心 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our desire for beauty -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それが再び 大事にされるようになるのです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">will be more appreciated again, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">創造性が真の資本となる世界に 私たちは生きることになるのです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and we will live in a world where creativity is our true capital.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>02:46</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ああいう創造のプロセスは— </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And a creative process like that -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">皆さんは どうかわかりませんが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't know how it works for you, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私の頭の場合 いつも疑問から出発します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but in my brain, it always starts with a question: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「どうしてだろう?」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Why? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうしてクラゲは 光るんだろう? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Why does a jellyfish emit light? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ホタルは? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Or a firefly? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうして我々は 公害を我慢しているんだろう? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Or why do be accept pollution? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これは3年前の 北京の私の部屋からの眺めです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is from my room in Beijing three years ago. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVOOvhIt-mE7_bQR7pG8COnnou4XDJp3ipidYFl-82RFr2HeQNy2UdAkCe4x_SrSsaLznii2MFM4U7WkOgBEVOo3qPWA3r4NeIpXb66KOKF7-EOCCCQxiHoKTXcC6hCpT49NbEoMEChw/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252816%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwVOOvhIt-mE7_bQR7pG8COnnou4XDJp3ipidYFl-82RFr2HeQNy2UdAkCe4x_SrSsaLznii2MFM4U7WkOgBEVOo3qPWA3r4NeIpXb66KOKF7-EOCCCQxiHoKTXcC6hCpT49NbEoMEChw/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252816%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">左は良い日の場合— 土曜日です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Left image is a good day -- Saturday. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">車や人々や鳥が見えます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I can see the cars and the people, the birds; </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">密集した都会での生活も 悪くありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">life is OK in a dense urban city. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">右の写真は— ぞっとします </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And on the right image -- holy moly. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">公害に すっかり覆われています </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Pollution -- complete layers. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">街の向こう側さえ 見えません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I couldn't even see the other side of the city. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この写真を見ると 気が滅入ります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this image made me really sad. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ここTEDで私たちが思い描く 明るい未来の姿ではありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is not the bright future we envision here at TED -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ぞっとするものです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">this is the horror. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">寿命が5〜6年縮まります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We live five to six years shorter; </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">6歳の子が 肺がんにかかったりします </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">children have lung cancer when they're six years old. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">奇妙で素晴らしい具合に </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so in a weird, beautiful way, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私は その時 北京のスモッグから インスピレーションを得ました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I, at that moment, became inspired by Beijing smog.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>03:37</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">世界中の政府が スモッグと戦っていますが</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the governments all around the world are fighting their war on smog, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私は今できるものを 何か作りたいと思いました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I wanted to make something within the now. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それで世界最大の スモッグ掃除機を 作ろうと決めたんです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we decided to build the largest smog vacuum cleaner in the world. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">汚れた空気を 吸い込んで </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It sucks up polluted air, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfKWkm-cqdbG7W50T8WwVa9M333Ywf5qNdFQwjKG812Ng3n_PVF2WBTTEXl8aBWpti2rJF8saSx9VpnP3TKr7MGd9y3UuAkLsbo2AzV3ZgYzA9gRTcfvWloQl829oaZ9DfPkB7uayOE0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252817%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfKWkm-cqdbG7W50T8WwVa9M333Ywf5qNdFQwjKG812Ng3n_PVF2WBTTEXl8aBWpti2rJF8saSx9VpnP3TKr7MGd9y3UuAkLsbo2AzV3ZgYzA9gRTcfvWloQl829oaZ9DfPkB7uayOE0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252817%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">きれいにしてから 吐き出します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">cleans it and then releases it. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjaixqGlEPSskCjN58EQp5dsXIBbfKfNDdblIwdzcGevU3PdMTz1l92qvWz2HxQdxpsJw4vCp0-WuIrgfkXxWQtzdIQ1ivIvA6GXEqGAx2KLD7yDcCsCmLjUhdWkb5vGgWa9LJrH0fo1c/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252819%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjaixqGlEPSskCjN58EQp5dsXIBbfKfNDdblIwdzcGevU3PdMTz1l92qvWz2HxQdxpsJw4vCp0-WuIrgfkXxWQtzdIQ1ivIvA6GXEqGAx2KLD7yDcCsCmLjUhdWkb5vGgWa9LJrH0fo1c/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252819%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">最初の1つを 実際に作りました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we built the first one. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj26H26D9CssQtIGOy-0JUtQKd_OQU2rvEidvSDxSJWmXA2qiS390VLsDh_YnZDLS3-4Nj_N6wdo184z5yUr9SJkNz8pHul9PpGWOMmsr4EADUjUiQTj7gMKwY7IVEHSLtD_lvVhDKuEdw/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252820%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj26H26D9CssQtIGOy-0JUtQKd_OQU2rvEidvSDxSJWmXA2qiS390VLsDh_YnZDLS3-4Nj_N6wdo184z5yUr9SJkNz8pHul9PpGWOMmsr4EADUjUiQTj7gMKwY7IVEHSLtD_lvVhDKuEdw/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252820%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">1時間に3万立方メートルの 空気を取り込んで</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So it sucks up 30,000 cubic meters per hour, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ナノレベルできれいにし </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">cleans it on the nano level -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">PM2.5とか PM10といった 微粒子を取り除きます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the PM2.5, PM10 particles -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">わずかな電力しか使わず </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">using very little electricity, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">きれいな空気を作ります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and then releases the clean air, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"> 公園や遊び場の空気が 街の他の場所よりも 55〜75%きれいになります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so we have parks, playgrounds, which are 55 to 75 percent more clean than the rest of the city.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3f95mekqedByDP4QFatcIY3qtqd6xpFgyVmOqm8GBp0jiNBQ6Mu1HJ2x3ZqDXx5mOdduqgHY0zaFOyxIIi_rLcvBKxOoPOISP46cZ5aNruK16bg7orlLxY2j-ero5cyFhYWIGmyFVSs0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252824%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3f95mekqedByDP4QFatcIY3qtqd6xpFgyVmOqm8GBp0jiNBQ6Mu1HJ2x3ZqDXx5mOdduqgHY0zaFOyxIIi_rLcvBKxOoPOISP46cZ5aNruK16bg7orlLxY2j-ero5cyFhYWIGmyFVSs0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252824%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そうなんです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yes!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>04:17</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">月に1度ほど </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And every month or so, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これが宇宙船のように 開きます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it opens like a spaceship -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTas5OnFGip2f3uh_cHExEh_Rrz-GBljhFkOUEFLrXmkxeZnytO7ej9c1Oi4jSmbEXJmxDtdk-oQwJ_qCkMy3cI3gQHXGcBMYSEVFWoUA4GAdRzAipznbHFjNRkICOMummbUX5Q1ZY3s/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252823%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTas5OnFGip2f3uh_cHExEh_Rrz-GBljhFkOUEFLrXmkxeZnytO7ej9c1Oi4jSmbEXJmxDtdk-oQwJ_qCkMy3cI3gQHXGcBMYSEVFWoUA4GAdRzAipznbHFjNRkICOMummbUX5Q1ZY3s/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252823%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">あるいは マリリン・モンローのあの— </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">like a Marilyn Monroe with the -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">まあ何にせよ—</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">well, you know what. Anyway.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>04:29</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これがその 集めているものです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So this ... this is the stuff we are capturing. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyj1Nch7d1VNL47cIVMx7srCnbMzGQ9gSHejI1YYno1gB9lC8_ymfWcLslR0Tqos7x7NjY97FNZn_L4T2SXqK5v77uDc4avzcM8PeqUZnMe2YlrFm3y72gYxJY7vwlWDboP0fwx31yU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252825%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyj1Nch7d1VNL47cIVMx7srCnbMzGQ9gSHejI1YYno1gB9lC8_ymfWcLslR0Tqos7x7NjY97FNZn_L4T2SXqK5v77uDc4avzcM8PeqUZnMe2YlrFm3y72gYxJY7vwlWDboP0fwx31yU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252825%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">北京のスモッグです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is Beijing smog. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfiRg8lk0eUi8sWtMLtla2H_0RW5SttMGY2eUe4JhpR8b44Y_iYRphUoinSVZReBTWTOXhim-bhsObesRiJr0MRD0gHUd4OjIXB98roF74qD0L4QkXc5l7ZOMeryVaK8Eaa9_UekbYdak/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252826%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfiRg8lk0eUi8sWtMLtla2H_0RW5SttMGY2eUe4JhpR8b44Y_iYRphUoinSVZReBTWTOXhim-bhsObesRiJr0MRD0gHUd4OjIXB98roF74qD0L4QkXc5l7ZOMeryVaK8Eaa9_UekbYdak/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252826%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これが私たちの 肺の中にあるんです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is in our lungs right now. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">幹線道路脇に住むのは </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you live next to a highway, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">日に17本タバコを吸うことに相当します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's the same as 17 cigarettes per day. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうかしてますよね? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Are we insane? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そんなことに いつ同意したんでしょう? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When did we say yes to that? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私のスタジオには この汚らしいものが バケツ何杯もありました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we had buckets of this disgusting material in our studio, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ある月曜の朝に 議論しました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and on a Monday morning, we were discussing, we were like, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「こいつをどうしたもんだろう? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Shit, what should we do with it? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">捨てるべきか?」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Should we throw it away?" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうにかしてくれと </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Like, "Help!" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それから思いました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And then we realized: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">いや </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">no, no, no, no, no -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">何物も 無駄にすべきではないと </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">waste should not exist. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">あるところでのゴミが 別のところで食べ物になったりします </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Waste for the one should be food for the other. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうぞ 回覧してください </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, here, maybe show it around. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">コーヒーに入れたり しないでください</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Do not put this in your coffee.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:07</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それの42%は 炭素だと分かりました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we realized that 42 percent is made out of carbon, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そして炭素に 高圧をかけると </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and carbon, of course, under high pressure, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">できるのが— そう ダイアモンドです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you get ... diamonds. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そこから思い付いたのが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, inspired by that, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これを30分ほど圧縮してやって</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we compress it for 30 minutes --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(ガチッ)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">(Cracking sound)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:21</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「スモッグ・フリー・リング(指輪)」を作る というアイデアです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and make smog-free rings.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYsCYUmvwYBWLKIozUUtzOT9x-ZgsGtK2Ix6pmnvfuHcV16x14Dflo9Uslo-hAI64YNLlwUy4qFB4m6VotcsJb7J-Zh_arh-_16aonlqcLqzhAQT6Pw-oAzIUMejINSKjzeWZDkk5WCE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252829%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzYsCYUmvwYBWLKIozUUtzOT9x-ZgsGtK2Ix6pmnvfuHcV16x14Dflo9Uslo-hAI64YNLlwUy4qFB4m6VotcsJb7J-Zh_arh-_16aonlqcLqzhAQT6Pw-oAzIUMejINSKjzeWZDkk5WCE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252829%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:24</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">だからこれを— いや まじめな話 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so by sharing -- yeah, really! </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この指輪を買うと </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so by sharing a ring, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">あの塔のある都市に 千立方メートルのきれいな空気を 寄付することになります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you donate 1,000 cubic meters of clean air to the city the tower is in.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrqIFCpJJksR6kIH1u0oV63JKIK5GyL93f0a40DUPO44L45sF7Kof6zIcXZeOdCgoXhTmgeMvhkAHK0MZT9OkySUZLTO0GQcuyghrxa9vTqoPXlH7yJpCvW8ESulLIWO26DPD7J2spss/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252828%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrqIFCpJJksR6kIH1u0oV63JKIK5GyL93f0a40DUPO44L45sF7Kof6zIcXZeOdCgoXhTmgeMvhkAHK0MZT9OkySUZLTO0GQcuyghrxa9vTqoPXlH7yJpCvW8ESulLIWO26DPD7J2spss/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252828%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:33</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ここに1つあります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I have one here --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:36</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">浮かんでいる 小さなキューブです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A little floating cube. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">あなたに差し上げましょう </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I will give one to you. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">プロポーズしたりしませんから 心配しないで</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm not going to propose, don't worry.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">大丈夫ですか? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Are we good? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">周りの人にも 見せてあげてください</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You can show it around.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>05:47</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これを使って Kickstarterで クラウドファンディングしました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we put this online -- Kickstarter campaign, crowdfunding. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">多くの人が予約し </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And people started to preorder it, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">前金を 出してくれました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but more importantly, they started to prepay it. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この指輪で得たお金で 私たちは最初の塔を 建てることができました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the finance we made with the jewelry helped us to realize, to build the first tower. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これはとても強力な方法です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that's powerful. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そのようなやり方でこそ 実現できたのです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the waste the activator, it was the enabler. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">コミュニティからの フィードバックもあります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Also, the feedback from the community -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これはインドの 結婚したカップルです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">this is a wedding couple from India, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqvoL0kc6WFwt2AO24T89SPSbP4u7J8kGrGN_P3fENhlRcBBA6R_BrgabQMs-kTRXpP1gA6t50laA-GGEmpni_sxDdQrM1hhitLzhVF1QbtWLTlPxRQjY4UUQ_tIqvw2C_Qhjpv-3VHs/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252830%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqvoL0kc6WFwt2AO24T89SPSbP4u7J8kGrGN_P3fENhlRcBBA6R_BrgabQMs-kTRXpP1gA6t50laA-GGEmpni_sxDdQrM1hhitLzhVF1QbtWLTlPxRQjY4UUQ_tIqvw2C_Qhjpv-3VHs/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252830%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">彼はスモッグ・フリー・リングを 真の美 希望のしるしとして プロポーズしたんです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">where he proposed to her with the smog-free ring as a sign of true beauty, as a sign of hope. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そして彼女はイエスと言いました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And she said yes.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPX26ANi2LlrNU2G12DfL8XnL3wz6yn85LUWcpAw6h0cfXLDALZRjiz19p1Q6LiEs6pAu-aRJPR5Nsof3xnkZxPo4920QazOliQbbpsP-Qx2MeFoKaLLT6KKMP4d_lhPlY0FBMmrW6TTY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252831%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPX26ANi2LlrNU2G12DfL8XnL3wz6yn85LUWcpAw6h0cfXLDALZRjiz19p1Q6LiEs6pAu-aRJPR5Nsof3xnkZxPo4920QazOliQbbpsP-Qx2MeFoKaLLT6KKMP4d_lhPlY0FBMmrW6TTY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252831%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">いろいろな意味で 私はこの写真がとても好きです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I love this image so much for a lot of different reasons.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>06:22</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">現在このプロジェクトは 中国政府の援助を受けて 中国各地をまわっています </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And right now, the project is touring through China, actually with the support of China's central government. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">最初の目標は 空気のきれいな公園を作るということで </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the first goal is to create local clean-air parks, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これはすでにかなり 上手く行っていて 55〜75% きれいになります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and that works already quite well -- 55, 75 percent more clean. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm_Cry4OivGY7g8rkWAKakVp5tJJugaLZZck0ZAmEX11jhPhUPEDBrJFOWhrp-qYLca4G_SNY0ouOgglU8HDMN_2ar2xk0oZU07S7G6mXgr1TWMy5ftRide5vBzKkowdTbKzDzz_mqEvU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252832%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm_Cry4OivGY7g8rkWAKakVp5tJJugaLZZck0ZAmEX11jhPhUPEDBrJFOWhrp-qYLca4G_SNY0ouOgglU8HDMN_2ar2xk0oZU07S7G6mXgr1TWMy5ftRide5vBzKkowdTbKzDzz_mqEvU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252832%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">同時に私たちは NGOや 知事や 学生や 技術者と協力して </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And at the same time, we team up with the NGOs, with the governors, with the students, with the tech people, to say, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「都市全体からスモッグをなくすには どうすればいいか?」と考えています </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Hey, what do we need to do to make a whole city smog-free?" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">きれいな空気という夢です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's about the dream of clean air. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ワークショップを開いていて </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We do workshops. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">新しいアイデアが湧き出てきます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">New ideas pop up. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これはスモッグ・フリー自転車です— </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are smog-free bicycles which -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2_HGoa4rHQrVvo0_5ymqBaDKl6AnNdtDM07IICuo7P-zLFlF9xs42k70M5rORmiI-wqjFm0RFIQe9swN_SnyvPutIHtGwmu3BhuouejXMmfQ5YueVHW0iZEddhCa2KVfO9TFS2pJHto/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252834%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2_HGoa4rHQrVvo0_5ymqBaDKl6AnNdtDM07IICuo7P-zLFlF9xs42k70M5rORmiI-wqjFm0RFIQe9swN_SnyvPutIHtGwmu3BhuouejXMmfQ5YueVHW0iZEddhCa2KVfO9TFS2pJHto/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252834%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">オランダ人の私には 自転車のDNAがあるんです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm Dutch, yes? -- I have this "bicycle DNA" inside of me somewhere. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これは汚れた空気を吸い込み きれいにして吐き出します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so it sucks up polluted air, it cleans it and releases it, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">自動車と戦って 自転車の素晴らしさを 称えるのです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in the fight against the car, in the celebration of the bicycle.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>07:01</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちは今 一種のセット販売に 取り組んでいます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so right now, we're working on a sort of "package deal," </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「スモッグ・フリー・タワーと スモッグ・フリー・リング」だと </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so to speak, where we say, "Smog-free towers, smog-free rings." </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">世界各地の市長や 知事の元に赴いて </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"> We go to the mayors or the governors of this world, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「短期間で 大気汚染を 20〜40%除去できると お約束できます どうか契約してください」 と言っています</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and say, "We can guarantee a short-term reduction of pollution between 20 and 40 percent. Please sign here right now." Yes?</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ありがとうございます</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>07:25</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これは新しい技術を 創造的思考に結び付けるという話です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So it's all about connecting new technology with creative thinking. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そういうことを 考え始めると 想像できること やれることは すごく沢山あります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if you start thinking about that, there is so much you can imagine, so much more you can do. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ダンスをすることで 電力を生む ダンスフロアというのを 作りました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We worked on dance floors which produce electricity when you dance on them. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PyuXbIRqokDd2TQgLr-TlABgaN2-WUZy6XPVGPG_Lp2ZjiGNWWs13nUnhtdx6idr5jOgP319a7Z538YqDrGIxANs6epgCJE3umlpjXB3p-Tx98k_jahvalITurgMjPT8Xd6Ya8BpYiw/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252837%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PyuXbIRqokDd2TQgLr-TlABgaN2-WUZy6XPVGPG_Lp2ZjiGNWWs13nUnhtdx6idr5jOgP319a7Z538YqDrGIxANs6epgCJE3umlpjXB3p-Tx98k_jahvalITurgMjPT8Xd6Ya8BpYiw/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252837%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">デザインしたのが 2008年のことです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We did the design for that -- 2008. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">8〜9ミリ上下することで 25ワット発電します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So it moves eight or nine millimeters, produces 25 watts. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">作った電気は照明や DJブースに使います </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The electricity that we generate is used for the lighting or the DJ booth. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">持続可能なものには より少なくでなく より多くやることで 実現されるものもあります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So some of the sustainability is about doing more, not about doing less.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>07:55</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">もっと大きなスケールの 話もあります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But also on a larger scale, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私の国オランダでは 人々は海面より低いところに住んでいます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the Netherlands, where I'm from, we live below sea level. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この見事な締め切り大堤防— </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So because of these beauties -- the Afsluitdijk: </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizNsQI1b3TsYsmBIW0Zk202TXEbmAckHfdWGqIdoHenulwznVoSUu10rAyienS7VCBwsCZ8CZoyyupHRBY9QfaSxDSECACAe9n-WdV_hHciWbFBilndhD08HQOCCs5Iuj50jgeRp6hqes/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252838%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizNsQI1b3TsYsmBIW0Zk202TXEbmAckHfdWGqIdoHenulwznVoSUu10rAyienS7VCBwsCZ8CZoyyupHRBY9QfaSxDSECACAe9n-WdV_hHciWbFBilndhD08HQOCCs5Iuj50jgeRp6hqes/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252838%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">1932年に手で作られた 32kmに及ぶ堤防のお陰で </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">32 kilometers, built by hand in 1932 -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちは水と共に生き 水と戦い 水との調和を はかろうとしていますが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we live with the water, we fight with the water, we try to find harmony, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">時に忘れてしまいます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but sometimes we forget. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それで私たちは Waterlicht (水の光)を作りました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And therefore, we made "Waterlicht," </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6YInFdec6UI-zIFVGvC2BK3p8x6mH-dBlCR2ejTtLjU-4ejr2MaTxjrgxVq7Q5HxuEeypsZbrHcvJCHjoyeqxGs7XN2fsuMR25ajZ0mxPQSdjs8zwNRfhUBLhyhI1BVg1MKg_-rdTnQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252839%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6YInFdec6UI-zIFVGvC2BK3p8x6mH-dBlCR2ejTtLjU-4ejr2MaTxjrgxVq7Q5HxuEeypsZbrHcvJCHjoyeqxGs7XN2fsuMR25ajZ0mxPQSdjs8zwNRfhUBLhyhI1BVg1MKg_-rdTnQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252839%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">LEDとレンズの 組み合わせにより 私たちが放っておいたら 地球温暖化で 海水面がどれほど 上昇するかを 示しています </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">a combination of LEDs and lenses, which show how high the water level would be -- global change -- if we stop. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbGeoWtI261EsYBzbeB7xNQ0kCL1riiHVk7Y7oEfgzZ-xApq8MZmaMjDWQwSXcLy3FWBOJ2muupMen5zULwpWGBO5Qb7PBXCtSaiz5Xttsj0ZqbJPrBgL1C0s9Llpum3u_hXlZwOHHAY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252840%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbGeoWtI261EsYBzbeB7xNQ0kCL1riiHVk7Y7oEfgzZ-xApq8MZmaMjDWQwSXcLy3FWBOJ2muupMen5zULwpWGBO5Qb7PBXCtSaiz5Xttsj0ZqbJPrBgL1C0s9Llpum3u_hXlZwOHHAY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252840%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">もし みんなが 今何もせず 「他の誰かがやってくれるさ」と 政府か誰かが どうにかしてくれるのを 待っていたら どうなるか </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If, today, we all go home and we say, "Oh, whatever, somebody else will do it for us," or we'll wait for government or whomever. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そういうわけには いきませんよね </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You know, we're not going to do that. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">まずいことになります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It goes wrong. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちはこれを 世界中の公共の場に設置し </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we placed this in public spaces all around the world. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">何千という人々が やってきました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thousands of people showed up.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wDpKGTF8F5l6919XLTMVk3gAtTZXF29q1jfcaLPfp5AKS2VZJMWWik77NSKH9HqNGW0QRz0cXSLsJZO-uLf6b6dF78cpEeGw3Imiam1p7WelCeBCyNy6E6NRp-GFtDpxsugC97XzGh4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252841%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wDpKGTF8F5l6919XLTMVk3gAtTZXF29q1jfcaLPfp5AKS2VZJMWWik77NSKH9HqNGW0QRz0cXSLsJZO-uLf6b6dF78cpEeGw3Imiam1p7WelCeBCyNy6E6NRp-GFtDpxsugC97XzGh4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252841%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>08:41</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうも 皆さん優しいですね </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you. You're too nice, you're too nice. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">デザイナーを そんなに甘やかすもんじゃありません</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's not good for a designer.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>08:47</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">何千という人々が やってきましたが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So thousands of people showed up, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">怖くなって 帰ってしまった人もいます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and some, actually, were scared. </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they left;</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">1953年の洪水を 思い出したのでしょう </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they experienced the floods in 1953. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">また 心奪われたように 見入る人もいました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And others were mesmerized. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">浮かぶ都市を作ることは 可能だろうか? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Can we make floating cities? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">潮の満ち干で発電することは できるだろうか? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Can we generate electricity from the change in tides? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">集団的な体験を 生み出すことは とても重要だと思います </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So I think it's so important to make experiences -- collective experiences -- </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">人々がビジョンに 未来に繋がったように感じ </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">where people feel connected with a vision, with a future </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">何が可能か 考え始めるように</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and trigger what is possible.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>09:12</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">同時に そういったことは 簡単ではありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At the same time, you know, these kinds of things -- they're not easy, yes? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">努力が必要です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's a struggle. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私がこれまでの人生で 経験してきたのは </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And what I experienced in my life is </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">多くの人が イノベーションを望むと言い </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that a lot of people say they want innovation, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">次に来るもの 新しいもの 未来が欲しいのだと言いながら </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they want the next and the new, the future. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">実際に新しいアイデアを 提示した途端 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But the moment you present a new idea, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どんな新しいアイデアも 決まって ある二言で始まる拒絶に遭うという 妙な傾向があります </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's this weird tendency to reply to every new idea starting with two words. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">何か分かりますか?</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Which are?</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50YvwXR-0LtUjGqp8MwkuU495SaKBPGoubRUieEIjfM4SvycQlGK1JxMBGgnwvMJH8Al1WbqCiESyHyI9ttokw4rCFDXlpJLbAMeMADIiCuVcciPiBN4f4BiR8rVqYYnvUMfNEH6kPLc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252842%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50YvwXR-0LtUjGqp8MwkuU495SaKBPGoubRUieEIjfM4SvycQlGK1JxMBGgnwvMJH8Al1WbqCiESyHyI9ttokw4rCFDXlpJLbAMeMADIiCuVcciPiBN4f4BiR8rVqYYnvUMfNEH6kPLc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252842%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>09:38</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(聴衆が答える)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">(Audience guesses)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「いくら?」ではありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">No, not "How much?" </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">もっと不快なものです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It's more annoying.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>09:43</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">さあ何でしょう? </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">What is it, guys? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">皆さんは恵まれていらっしゃる </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">Or you're really blessed people? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">いいことです</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">That's really good.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>09:46</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">“Yes, but” </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(いいね でも・・・)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Yes, but." </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">その通り </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Very good. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「いいね でも </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Yes, but: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">高すぎる 安っぽい </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's too expensive, it's too cheap, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">速すぎる 遅すぎる </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's too fast, it's too slow, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">きれいすぎる 醜すぎる </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's too beautiful, it's too ugly, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">不可能だ すでにある」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it cannot be done, it already exists." </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">同じ週のうちに 同じプロジェクトについて あらゆることを耳にしました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I heard everything about the same project in the same week. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ものすごく煩わしいです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I got really, really annoyed. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">髪に白いものが交じり 本物の建築家みたいに 黒い服を着はじめる始末です</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I got a bit of gray hair, started to dress in black like a true architect.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">10:07</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ある朝目覚めて 思いました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And one morning I woke up and I said, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「だめだ </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Daan, stop. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これじゃあ引きずられるばかりだ </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is dragging you down. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうにかしないと </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have to do something with this. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これを素材として 何かに使ってやろう」 </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have to use it as an ingredient, as a component." </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">それで私たちは かの有名な “Yes, but” チェアを 実現することに決めました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so we decided to build, to realize the famous "Yes, but" chair.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>10:26</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これはオランダのデザイナー フリソ・クラマーによる椅子ですが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this is an existing chair by Friso Kramer, a Dutch design. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">すこし「バージョンアップ」というか 「ハック」をしました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But we gave it a little "update," a little "hack," so to speak. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-WP8e0zmQ_omtaMrNJccgczLiRM2QNQ4Q1MrO6z0zxt_9Hh5-0GA7Y_Xysx0aIEU6PtTj5qEtaHR8Y5kQi_rURK5ZO7OlD6XfkA4ntiLHrB4kbEWpyVLZyrD3LMeO1_2mHPFh26mHLA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252844%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-WP8e0zmQ_omtaMrNJccgczLiRM2QNQ4Q1MrO6z0zxt_9Hh5-0GA7Y_Xysx0aIEU6PtTj5qEtaHR8Y5kQi_rURK5ZO7OlD6XfkA4ntiLHrB4kbEWpyVLZyrD3LMeO1_2mHPFh26mHLA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+%252844%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">小さな音声認識装置を 付けてあって </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We placed a little voice-recognition element right here. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この椅子に座って </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the moment you sit on that chair, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">あの おぞましい クリエイターに対して破壊的な 不快な言葉を 口にすると—</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you say those two horrible, creative-destructive, annoying little words --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">一瞬ながら—</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you get a short --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">かなりビリッとくる刺激を お尻に感じることになります</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but pretty intense little shock on the back side of your bottom.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>11:01</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">そして—</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">これがうまく機能するんです </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and that works; </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">yeah, that works.</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">本当に腹を立てて 帰ってしまったクライアントもいますが </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some clients have left us, they got really mad. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">幸い良いお客さんは 残ってくれます </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Fortunately, the good ones have stayed. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">もちろん私たち自身も これを使います</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And, of course, we also apply it to ourselves.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>11:12</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">皆さんどうか 恐れないでください </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But ladies and gentlemen, let's not be afraid. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">好奇心を持ちましょう </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's be curious, yes? </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">この数日 TEDに参加して </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And, you know, walking through TED in these days </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">他のスピーカーの話を聞き </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and hearing the other speakers </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">人々のエネルギーを 感じていたら </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and feeling the energy of the crowd, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">カナダの作家マーシャル・マクルーハンの 言葉を思い出しました </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I was remembering this quote of the Canadian author, Marshall McLuhan, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">彼は言っています </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">who once famously said, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">「宇宙船地球号に 乗客はいない </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"On spacecraft earth, there are no passengers. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">我々はみな乗組員だ」と </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We are all crew." </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">素晴らしい言葉だと思います </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I think this so beautiful. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">本当に素晴らしい </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is so beautiful! </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちは単なる消費者じゃありません </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're not just consumers; </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">作り手です </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we're makers: </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">私たちは 決断を </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we make decisions, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">新しい発明を </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we make new inventions, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">新たな夢を 作り出します </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we make new dreams. </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">今日にでも このような考え方を もっと実行に移し始めるなら </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I think if we start implementing that kind of thinking even more within today, </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">探求すべき新世界は まだまだあるのです</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's still a whole new world to be explored.</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>11:58</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうもありがとうございました</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">All right, thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">どうもありがとう</span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue custom" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span>
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<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/daan_roosegaarde_a_smog_vacuum_cleaner_and_other_magical_city_designs" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<span style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #ea9999;"><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Interactive-Landscapes-Daan-Roosegaarde/dp/9056627546/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1520895326&sr=8-1&keywords=Daan+Roosegaarde&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=949d70560b8dc67d16e420454618f7ed" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=9056627546&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=9056627546" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /></span>
<span style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h1 class="program-article__title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "UDShinGoPro Medium", "A-OTF UD新ゴ Pr6N L", "UD Shin Go Regular JIS2004", "UD 新ゴ R JIS2004", 游ゴシック体, "Yu Gothic", YuGothic, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "ヒラギノ角ゴ ProN W3", "Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro", "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3", Meiryo, メイリオ, "MS PGothic", "MS Pゴシック", sans-serif; font-size: 3rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 540px;">
A smog </h1>
<h1 class="program-article__title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "UDShinGoPro Medium", "A-OTF UD新ゴ Pr6N L", "UD Shin Go Regular JIS2004", "UD 新ゴ R JIS2004", 游ゴシック体, "Yu Gothic", YuGothic, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "ヒラギノ角ゴ ProN W3", "Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro", "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3", Meiryo, メイリオ, "MS PGothic", "MS Pゴシック", sans-serif; font-size: 3rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 540px;">
</h1>
<h1 class="program-article__title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "UDShinGoPro Medium", "A-OTF UD新ゴ Pr6N L", "UD Shin Go Regular JIS2004", "UD 新ゴ R JIS2004", 游ゴシック体, "Yu Gothic", YuGothic, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "ヒラギノ角ゴ ProN W3", "Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro", "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3", Meiryo, メイリオ, "MS PGothic", "MS Pゴシック", sans-serif; font-size: 3rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 540px;">
vacuum cleaner and other magical city designs</h1>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-80221429634045540292017-12-11T09:06:00.000+09:002017-12-11T09:06:07.391+09:00北朝鮮のゆで卵[Euna Lee]<br />
ユナ・リー<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">Euna Lee: </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮での拘束生活で、見えてきたもの<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">What I learned as a prisoner in North Korea</span><br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/euna_lee_what_i_learned_as_a_prisoner_in_north_korea" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:12</i></span><br />
<br />
最近『ハーバード・ビジネス・レビュー』で 若者が仕事に何を求めているかについての 記事を読みました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I recently read about what the young generation of workers want in Harvard Business Review. </span><br />
<br />
印象的だったのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">One thing that stuck out to me was: </span><br />
<br />
ただ語るだけでなく 実際に何らかの影響を 与えようとしていることです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">don't just talk about impact, but make an impact. </span><br />
<br />
私は 皆さんより ちょっと年上ですが―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'm a little bit older than you, </span><br />
<br />
いや だいぶ年上かもしれませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">maybe much older than you, </span><br />
<br />
私が大学時代に抱いていた目標も これと まったく同じものでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but this is exactly the same goal that I had when I was in college. </span><br />
<br />
不公正な扱いを受けている人に 自分なりに 影響を与えたいと思っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I wanted to make my own impact for those who live under injustice; </span><br />
<br />
だから ドキュメンタリーを扱う 記者になったわけですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's the reason that I became a documentary journalist, </span><br />
<br />
同じ理由で 北朝鮮で140日間 拘束されることにもなりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the reason I became a prisoner in North Korea for 140 days.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/World-Bigger-Now-Journalists-Forgiveness/dp/0307716139/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1512947240&sr=8-1&keywords=euna+lee&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=597cc44a70ab07b5855c071932865f26" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0307716139&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=0307716139" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:51</i></span><br />
<br />
2009年3月17日のことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was March 17, 2009. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんにとっては 聖パトリックの祝日でしょうが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is St. Patrick's Day for all of you, </span><br />
<br />
その日 私の人生は 180度変わることになりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but it was the day that turned my life upside down. </span><br />
<br />
当時 私たちは 人間らしい生活すらかなわない― 中国の脱北者の姿を追い ドキュメンタリーを制作していました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">My team and I were making a documentary about North Korean refugees living below human life in China. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは国境にいました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We were at the border. </span><br />
<br />
撮影最終日のことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was our last day of filming. </span><br />
<br />
そこには鉄条網も 柵も 国境を示すものは 何もありませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There was no wire fence or bars or sign to show that it is the border, </span><br />
<br />
でも そこが 多くの脱北者が使う― 逃避経路だったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but this is a place that a lot of North Korean defectors use as an escape route. </span><br />
<br />
まだ冬で 川も凍っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was still winter, and the river was frozen. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは 凍った川の真ん中に立ち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we were in the middle of the frozen river, </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮の人たちが 自由を手に入れるために どのような寒さや環境に 立ち向かわねばならないか 撮影していました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we were filming about the condition of the cold weather and the environment that North Koreans had to deal with when they seek their freedom. </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtktd8gIgDc_UmpPIstQZy1PhkR4BngWOT32unJuLkkJr9vCPRuVAdZvvJua8mLnXna7v8xCpQMw3B_42CewPuxHhqaSTxtl2sO1nNPcKnPaLiG5xtnti6O7E0v219QhlSZ957oOl-E0/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-11+8.34.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtktd8gIgDc_UmpPIstQZy1PhkR4BngWOT32unJuLkkJr9vCPRuVAdZvvJua8mLnXna7v8xCpQMw3B_42CewPuxHhqaSTxtl2sO1nNPcKnPaLiG5xtnti6O7E0v219QhlSZ957oOl-E0/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-11+8.34.52.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
突然 取材班の1人が叫びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And suddenly, one of my team members shouted, </span><br />
<br />
「兵士だ!」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Soldiers!" </span><br />
<br />
振り向くと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So I looked back, </span><br />
<br />
緑色の制服を着てライフル銃を持った 2人の小さな兵士が 追いかけてきていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and there were two small soldiers in green uniforms with rifles, chasing after us. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは全速力で走りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We all ran as fast as we could. </span><br />
<br />
どうか頭を撃たないで と祈りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I prayed that, please don't let them shoot my head. </span><br />
<br />
それと同時に 中国側の国土に 両足を踏み入れさえすれば 安全だとも考えていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I was thinking that, if my feet are on Chinese soil, I'll be safe. </span><br />
<br />
私は なんとか中国に入りましたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I made it to Chinese soil. </span><br />
<br />
同僚のローラ・リンが 膝からくずれるのを見ました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Then I saw my colleague Laura Ling fall on her knees. </span><br />
<br />
一瞬 何をどうすればいいのか 分かりませんでしたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I didn't know what to do at that short moment, </span><br />
<br />
ローラの言葉を聞き 置いては行けないと思ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I knew that I could not leave her alone there when she said, </span><br />
<br />
「ユナ 脚の感覚がない」 と言ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Euna, I can't feel my legs."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>02:35</i></span><br />
<br />
あっという間に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In a flash, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは 2人の北朝鮮兵に囲まれていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we were surrounded by these two Korean soldiers. </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮兵の体格は 私たちと大差ありませんでしたが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They were not much bigger than us, </span><br />
<br />
2人は陸軍基地に 連行しようとしていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but they were determined to take us to their army base. </span><br />
<br />
私は 何とか助けてほしいと 懇願し叫びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I begged and yelled for any kind of help, </span><br />
<br />
中国側から誰か 現れはしないかと期待しながら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">hoping that someone would show up from China. </span><br />
<br />
銃を持ち 訓練された兵士に対しても 果敢に挑む自分がいました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here I was, being stubborn towards a trained soldier with a gun. </span><br />
<br />
私は 兵士の目をじっと見ました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I looked at his eyes. </span><br />
<br />
彼はまだ子どもでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">He was just a boy. </span><br />
<br />
その瞬間<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At that moment, </span><br />
<br />
彼はライフル銃を振りかざし 私をぶとうとしました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">he raised his rifle to hit me, </span><br />
<br />
でも彼には ためらう様子が 見て取れました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I saw that he was hesitating. </span><br />
<br />
目は小刻みに動き<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">His eyes were shaking, </span><br />
<br />
ライフル銃も宙に浮いたままです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and his rifle was still up in the air. </span><br />
<br />
私は叫びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So I shouted at him, </span><br />
<br />
「わかったわ 一緒に歩いて行くから」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"OK, OK, I'll walk with you." </span><br />
<br />
私は立ち上がりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I got up.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>03:26</i></span><br />
<br />
陸軍基地に到着したとき<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When we arrived at their army base, </span><br />
<br />
私は 最悪の事態に備え 頭の中で必死に考えていたのですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">my head was spinning with these worst-case scenarios, </span><br />
<br />
同僚が口にしたことは 何の助けにもなりませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and my colleague's statement wasn't helping. </span><br />
<br />
「私たちは敵ね」と言ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She said, "We are the enemy." </span><br />
<br />
確かにそのとおりで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She was right: </span><br />
<br />
私たちは敵でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we were the enemy. </span><br />
<br />
そしてずっと恐怖に 震えるはずでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I was supposed to be frightened, too. </span><br />
<br />
でも 奇妙な出来事が続きました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But I kept having these odd experiences. </span><br />
<br />
このときは ある役人が 私が温まれるようにと 自分のコートを 差し出してくれました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This time, an officer brought me his coat to keep me warm, </span><br />
<br />
凍った川の上で 兵士の1人ともみあっているうちに 私がコートをなくしていたからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because I lost my coat on the frozen river while battling with one of these soldiers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>04:02</i></span><br />
<br />
なぜ これが奇妙なのか お話ししましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I will tell you what I mean by these odd experiences. </span><br />
<br />
私が育った韓国では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I grew up in South Korea. </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮はいつも敵とされてきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">To us, North Korea was always the enemy, </span><br />
<br />
私が生まれる前からです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">even before I was born. </span><br />
<br />
北と南は 朝鮮戦争の終結以来 63年間 休戦状態にあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">South and North have been under armistice for 63 years, since the end of the Korean War. </span><br />
<br />
80年代、90年代に 韓国で育った私たちは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And growing up in the South in the '80s and '90s, </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮に対するプロパガンダを 教え込まれてきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we were taught propaganda about North Korea. </span><br />
<br />
生々しい話もたくさん聞きました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we heard so many graphic stories, </span><br />
<br />
小さな男の子が 「共産主義者は嫌いだ」と言っただけで 北朝鮮のスパイに 無残な殺され方をしたといった風にです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">such as, a little young boy being brutally killed by North Korean spies just because he said, "I don't like communists." </span><br />
<br />
こんなアニメ番組も見ました 韓国人の男の子が 丸々と太った赤い豚を打ち負かす話です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Or, I watched this cartoon series about a young South Korean boy defeating these fat, big, red pig, </span><br />
<br />
この豚は 当時の北朝鮮の 初代最高指導者を表しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which represented the North Koreans' first leader at the time. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii_0VNODT2gBimgnBVKnpye3xk4klqqwBHdpnxq4mYOQotUS6C1KBG6YlrbngbNjyPsczTt9TtL2LVFvLjwtu48-xWAzgnkfkubwtT4K3t_A8axEfyjUMIhcFLK3gop1UORQVPrq0epQM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-11+8.39.10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii_0VNODT2gBimgnBVKnpye3xk4klqqwBHdpnxq4mYOQotUS6C1KBG6YlrbngbNjyPsczTt9TtL2LVFvLjwtu48-xWAzgnkfkubwtT4K3t_A8axEfyjUMIhcFLK3gop1UORQVPrq0epQM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-11+8.39.10.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
こうした恐ろしい話を 何度も何度も聞かされて 幼い心に植え付けられた言葉が 「敵」なのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the effect of hearing these horrible stories over and over instilled one word in a young mind: "enemy." </span><br />
<br />
いつしか私は 彼らのことを人間とは思わなくなり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I think at some point, I dehumanized them, </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮に住む人たちを 北朝鮮政府と 同一視するようになっていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the people of North Korea became equated with the North Korean government.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>05:23</i></span><br />
<br />
さて 拘束されたときの話に戻ります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, back to my detention. </span><br />
<br />
あれは 独房に入れられて 2日目のことでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was the second day of being in a cell. </span><br />
<br />
私は 国境に出たときから 一睡もしていませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I had not slept since I was out at the border. </span><br />
<br />
若い看守がやって来て 小さなゆで卵を差し出して 言ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This young guard came to my cell and offered me this small boiled egg and said, </span><br />
<br />
「これを食べたら力がつくから」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"This will give you strength to keep going." </span><br />
<br />
どんな感じか分かりますか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Do you know what it is like, </span><br />
<br />
敵の手中にありながら ささやかな親切を受けるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">receiving a small kindness in the enemy's hand? </span><br />
<br />
親切にされるたび<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Whenever they were kind to me, </span><br />
<br />
私は この優しさの後には 最悪の事態が待っているんだ と思っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I thought the worst case was waiting for me after the kindness. </span><br />
<br />
私が緊張しているのに気づいた役人は こう言いました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">One officer noticed my nervousness. He said, </span><br />
<br />
「私たちが皆 あの赤い豚のようだ と思ってるのか?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Did you think we were all these red pigs?" </span><br />
<br />
さきほどお見せしたアニメのことを 言っているのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">referring to the cartoon that I just showed you. </span><br />
<br />
毎日 精神的な戦いを 強いられていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Every day was like a psychological battle. </span><br />
<br />
尋問官は 私を机の前に座らせ 週6日間 私の旅程や仕事について 書かせました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The interrogator had me sit at a table six days a week and had me writing down about my journey, my work, </span><br />
<br />
彼らがほしい証言を私が書くまで 何度も何度もです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">over and over until I wrote down the confession that they wanted to hear.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>06:33</i></span><br />
<br />
3か月の勾留ののち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">After about three months of detention, </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮の裁判所は判決を下し 労働教化刑12年が 言い渡されました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the North Korean court sentenced me to 12 years in a labor camp. </span><br />
<br />
私は自室でただ座って 移送を待っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So I was just sitting in my room to be transferred. </span><br />
<br />
そのとき 本当に 何もすることがなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At that time, I really had nothing else to do, </span><br />
<br />
女性看守2人のことを 注意深く見て<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so I paid attention to these two female guards </span><br />
<br />
2人の会話を聞いていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and listened to what they were talking about. </span><br />
<br />
年上の方の看守Aは 英語を勉強していたようでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Guard A was older, and she studied English. </span><br />
<br />
裕福な家庭の出身らしく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She seemed like she came from an affluent family. </span><br />
<br />
きれいな色のワンピースを よく着てきては 見せびらかしていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She often showed up with these colorful dresses, and then loved to show off. </span><br />
<br />
もう1人の若い看守Bは すごく歌がうまい子でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And Guard B was the younger one, and she was a really good singer. </span><br />
<br />
十八番がセリーヌ・ディオンの 『マイ・ハート・ウィル・ゴー・オン』で<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She loved to sing Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" -- </span><br />
<br />
時々 嫌になるくらい歌うんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">sometimes too much. </span><br />
<br />
意図せず 私を苦しめるのが 得意でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She knew just how to torture me without knowing.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>07:28</i></span><br />
<br />
この看守は朝 すごい時間をかけて メイクをしていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this girl spent a lot of time in the morning to put on makeup, </span><br />
<br />
普通の若い女の子と同じようにです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">like you can see in any young girl's life. </span><br />
<br />
それから2人は 番組として より質の高い― 中国制作のドラマが大好きでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And they loved to watch this Chinese drama, a better quality production. </span><br />
<br />
あるとき 看守Bが 「これを見たら 自国のテレビ番組なんて 見る気がしないわ」と言って 怒られていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I remember Guard B said, "I can no longer watch our TV shows after watching this." </span><br />
<br />
自国のテレビ番組を けなしてはいけないと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She got scolded for degrading her own country's produced TV shows. </span><br />
<br />
看守Bは 年上の看守Aよりも もっと自由な考え方をしていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Guard B had more of a free mind than Guard A, </span><br />
<br />
自分の考えを口に出しては よく 看守Aに怒られていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and she often got scolded by Guard A whenever she expressed herself.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>08:10</i></span><br />
<br />
あるとき 2人は 女性の同僚をみんな集めて―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">One day, they invited all these female colleagues -- </span><br />
<br />
一体どこから来たのか分かりませんが―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't know where they came from -- </span><br />
<br />
私がいる勾留施設に来ました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">to where I was held, </span><br />
<br />
私も看守の部屋に 呼ばれました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and they invited me to their guard room </span><br />
<br />
そして尋ねられたのが 「アメリカでは一夜限りの関係って 本当にあるの?」です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and asked if one-night stands really happen in the US.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=B076NSP7MR" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>08:29</i></span><br />
<br />
ここは 若い男女が 公の場で手をつなぐことさえ 許されない国です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is the country where young couples are not even allowed to hold hands in public. </span><br />
<br />
こんな情報をどこで 仕入れたのか分かりませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I had no idea where they had gotten this information, </span><br />
<br />
私が何か言う前から 彼女たちは 恥ずかしそうに くすくす笑っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but they were shy and giggly even before I said anything. </span><br />
<br />
誰もが 私が囚人だということを 忘れているようでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I think we all forgot that I was their prisoner, </span><br />
<br />
私は高校時代の教室に 戻ったかのように感じました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and it was like going back to my high school classroom again. </span><br />
<br />
そして この子たちもまた 同じようなアニメを見て育っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I learned that these girls also grew up watching a similar cartoon, </span><br />
<br />
ただプロパガンダが韓国とアメリカに 向けられているというだけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but just propaganda towards South Korea and the US. </span><br />
<br />
ここの人々の怒りがどこから来るのか 分かってきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I started to understand where these people's anger was coming from. </span><br />
<br />
この子たちが 私たちが敵だと 教えられて育てば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If these girls grew up learning that we are enemies, </span><br />
<br />
私たちを嫌うようになって 当然です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it was just natural that they would hate us </span><br />
<br />
私が彼らを怖がるのと 同じことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">just as I feared them.</span><br />
<br />
でも あのときだけは 私たちは ただの女の子同士 同じ関心事について 語り合っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But at that moment, we were all just girls who shared the same interests, </span><br />
<br />
私たちを隔てるイデオロギーを 超越したところにいたのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">beyond our ideologies that separated us.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>09:31</i></span><br />
<br />
帰国してから カレントTVの当時の上司に このような体験について話したところ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I shared these stories with my boss at Current TV at the time after I came home. </span><br />
<br />
開口一番に言われたのがこれです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">His first reaction was, </span><br />
<br />
「ストックホルム症候群って 知っているか?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Euna, have you heard of Stockholm Syndrome?" </span><br />
<br />
ええ 知っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yes, </span><br />
<br />
それに私ははっきり覚えています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and I clearly remember </span><br />
<br />
あの恐怖 脅されるときの感情<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the feeling of fear and being threatened, </span><br />
<br />
そして尋問者との間で高まる緊張<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and tension rising up between me and the interrogator </span><br />
<br />
話が政治に及ぶと いつも そうでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when we talked about politics. </span><br />
<br />
お互いに乗り越えられない壁が そこにはありました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There definitely was a wall that we couldn't climb over. </span><br />
<br />
でも 人間同士でいられる時間も 確かにあったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But we were able to see each other as human beings </span><br />
<br />
家族のことや 日々の生活 子どもたちの将来の大切さを 語り合うときです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when we talked about family, everyday life, the importance of the future for our children.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>10:18</i></span><br />
<br />
帰国する1か月ほど前<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was about a month before I came home. </span><br />
<br />
私は ひどく体調を崩しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I got really sick. </span><br />
<br />
看守Bが部屋に さよならを言いに来てくれました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Guard B stopped by my room to say goodbye, </span><br />
<br />
彼女は拘置所を 去ることになったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because she was leaving the detention center. </span><br />
<br />
彼女は 誰にも見られておらず 誰も聞いていないことを確認し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">She made sure that no one watched us, no one heard us, </span><br />
<br />
静かに言ったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and quietly said, </span><br />
<br />
「体調が良くなって 家族のもとにすぐ戻れると良いわね」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"I hope you get better and go back to your family soon." </span><br />
<br />
この人たち―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is these people -- </span><br />
<br />
私にコートを差し出してくれた役人<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the officer who brought me his coat, </span><br />
<br />
ゆで卵をくれた看守<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the guard who offered me a boiled egg, </span><br />
<br />
アメリカでの恋愛事情を 私に尋ねた女性看守たち<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">these female guards who asked me about dating life in the US -- </span><br />
<br />
こういった人たちが 私が北朝鮮と聞いて思い出す人たちなんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they are the ones that I remember of North Korea: </span><br />
<br />
私たちと同じような人間です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">humans just like us. </span><br />
<br />
北朝鮮人や私は 各国の大使ではありませんが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">North Koreans and I were not ambassadors of our countries, </span><br />
<br />
私たちは人類を代表していたのだと 信じています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but I believe that we were representing the human race.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>11:19</i></span><br />
<br />
今 私は家に帰り 普段の生活に戻っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now I'm back home and back to my life. </span><br />
<br />
お話しした人たちの記憶は 時間とともに薄れてきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The memory of these people has blurred as time has passed. </span><br />
<br />
そして ここにいると アメリカを挑発する北朝鮮について 見聞きします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I'm in this place where I read and hear about North Korea provoking the US. </span><br />
<br />
ともすれば 彼らをまた敵だと 考えてしまいそうになります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I realized how easy it is to see them as an enemy again. </span><br />
<br />
だから私は あの場所にいたときのことを 思い起こすのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But I have to keep reminding myself that when I was over there, </span><br />
<br />
あのとき 敵の目の中に 私が見たのは 憎しみよりも 人間らしさだったということを<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I was able to see humanity over hatred in my enemy's eyes.</span><br />
<br />
ありがとうございました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/ja/euna_lee_what_i_learned_as_a_prisoner_in_north_korea" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/World-Bigger-Now-Journalists-Forgiveness/dp/0307716139/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1512947240&sr=8-1&keywords=euna+lee&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=597cc44a70ab07b5855c071932865f26" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0307716139&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=0307716139" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-45087819554734859652017-12-10T13:48:00.003+09:002017-12-10T13:48:47.827+09:00アルツハイマーになりにくい脳とは?<br />
リサ・ジェノヴァ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Lisa Genova</span><br />
アルツハイマー病を予防するために出来ること<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What you can do to prevent Alzheimer's</span><br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/lisa_genova_what_you_can_do_to_prevent_alzheimer_s" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;">00:12</span></i><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
この中で 少なくとも80才までは 生きたいという方は?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How many people here would like to live to be at least 80 years old? </span><br />
<br />
はい 私たちは皆 末長く生きるだろうという 希望を持っているようですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Yeah. I think we all have this hopeful expectation of living into old age. </span><br />
<br />
じゃあ未来を覗いてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's project out into the future, </span><br />
<br />
未来の皆さんたちです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">to your future "you's," </span><br />
<br />
私たちが皆85才だとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and let's imagine that we're all 85. </span><br />
<br />
両隣にいる人2人を見てください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, everyone look at two people. </span><br />
<br />
そのうちの1人はおそらく アルツハイマー病を患っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">One of you probably has Alzheimer's disease.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:42</i></span><br />
<br />
オーライ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Alright, alright. </span><br />
<br />
多分あなたは「私はならない」 と思っているでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And maybe you're thinking, "Well, it won't be me." </span><br />
<br />
それなら あなたは介護をしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Then, OK. You are a caregiver. </span><br />
<br />
さて—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So --</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:57</i></span><br />
<br />
このように何らかのかたちで この恐ろしい疾患は 私たち皆に 影響を与えるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so in some way, this terrifying disease is likely to affect us all.</span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病の恐さは 何もなすすべがない ということにもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Part of the fear around Alzheimer's stems from the sense that there's nothing we can do about it. </span><br />
<br />
何十年にも及ぶ研究にも関わらず 効果的な治療法は 何も見つかっていません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Despite decades of research, we still have no disease-modifying treatment and no cure. </span><br />
<br />
ですから私たちが 幸い長生きしたとしても アルツハイマー病に 侵される運命になると思われます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So if we're lucky enough to live long enough, Alzheimer's appears to be our brain's destiny.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>01:21</i></span><br />
<br />
でもそうならないかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But maybe it doesn't have to be. </span><br />
<br />
もし医学の進歩や特効薬に頼らずに この確率を変え 私たちの脳の運命を 変えることができるとしたら?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What if I told you we could change these statistics, literally change our brain's destiny, without relying on a cure or advancements in medicine?</span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマーを 現在分かっている 神経科学的視点から見てみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's begin by looking at what we currently understand about the neuroscience of Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
これは2つのニューロンが 繋がっている様子です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Here's a picture of two neurons connecting. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXfPhq_EWgqlxJ4Xh-6X7CG80Vb2oWDWn-L_xzvYNebfoB90eFyBylBFpUSwCWxmbz5fhDUjhjWvUgWQeUVG0OlS0QNslgQdaaUJK0pevGm19jWMi_V4jwiOXKVMiK24y8wjgqNm3rSI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.53.21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXfPhq_EWgqlxJ4Xh-6X7CG80Vb2oWDWn-L_xzvYNebfoB90eFyBylBFpUSwCWxmbz5fhDUjhjWvUgWQeUVG0OlS0QNslgQdaaUJK0pevGm19jWMi_V4jwiOXKVMiK24y8wjgqNm3rSI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.53.21.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
赤で囲まれている 2つを繋ぐ点は 「シナプス」と呼ばれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The point of connection, this space circled in red, is called the synapse. </span><br />
<br />
シナプスでは 神経伝達物質が放出されます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The synapse is where neurotransmitters are released. </span><br />
<br />
こうしてシグナルが伝達され コミュニケーションが起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is where signals are transmitted, where communication happens. </span><br />
<br />
こうして私たちは考え、感じ、 見て、聞いて、欲し 記憶します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is where we think, feel, see, hear, desire ... and remember. </span><br />
<br />
そしてアルツハイマー病は シナプスで起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And the synapse is where Alzheimer's happens.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>02:04</i></span><br />
<br />
シナプスを拡大して どうなっているのか イラストで見てみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's zoom in on the synapse and look at a cartoon representation of what's going on. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hj9qmX_Vt_f73DDk1XxKACZG8sOZtQmycqsrLhVaCfgou5jMulCzNxjMadjMQkUaONfrm_rQQJ5hSTCw_V-Xrkge5VVfIzRe1NOgvSh_L7Z_wQ8YkhJJtCIO4Rmz3kx4kBS_A0_eTa4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.53.50.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hj9qmX_Vt_f73DDk1XxKACZG8sOZtQmycqsrLhVaCfgou5jMulCzNxjMadjMQkUaONfrm_rQQJ5hSTCw_V-Xrkge5VVfIzRe1NOgvSh_L7Z_wQ8YkhJJtCIO4Rmz3kx4kBS_A0_eTa4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.53.50.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
情報を伝達する際に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">During the business of communicating information, </span><br />
<br />
ニューロンは グルタミン酸のような神経伝達物質を シナプスに放出したり 「アミロイドベータ( Aβ )」と言う 小さなペプチドを放出したりします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in addition to releasing neurotransmitters like glutamate into the synapse, neurons also release a small peptide called amyloid beta. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfiqvryd7NTVQMt848FVl15si1PD5B_jZ85-n16Aa17Cxa7V4Mc10GnmtrkK9Q1XvYpdNBbv92yufVztTdSW8A_G8a9cNI-_S89r0cozpKyh-4px0bET1dAYcDuXZ_lzJSJo6PPrKcps/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfiqvryd7NTVQMt848FVl15si1PD5B_jZ85-n16Aa17Cxa7V4Mc10GnmtrkK9Q1XvYpdNBbv92yufVztTdSW8A_G8a9cNI-_S89r0cozpKyh-4px0bET1dAYcDuXZ_lzJSJo6PPrKcps/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.03.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
アミロイドβは 脳の清掃細胞ミクログリアにより 代謝され除去されます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Normally, amyloid beta is cleared away metabolized by microglia, the janitor cells of our brains. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc8xyz_ylaIcs8LoJ-vjaRxsDVu0UATahrbJmgCiDHNfaW33x88TQ7D678-DbINFlGk-IbmDR-BVq-UOiATQ8kYk5WOAos_zR7JtgpDPvEBN8rZk4RhLBlvFCghYBHvJLjZoIiFjhGt6c/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc8xyz_ylaIcs8LoJ-vjaRxsDVu0UATahrbJmgCiDHNfaW33x88TQ7D678-DbINFlGk-IbmDR-BVq-UOiATQ8kYk5WOAos_zR7JtgpDPvEBN8rZk4RhLBlvFCghYBHvJLjZoIiFjhGt6c/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.10.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
分子的なアルツハイマー病の原因については まだ議論が続いていますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">While the molecular causes of Alzheimer's are still debated, </span><br />
<br />
ほとんどの神経科学者はこの疾患の始まりは アミロイドβが蓄積し始めるときだと 考えています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">most neuroscientists believe that the disease begins when amyloid beta begins to accumulate. </span><br />
<br />
放出された量が多すぎたか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Too much is released, </span><br />
<br />
十分な量が除去されていないか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">or not enough is cleared away, </span><br />
<br />
シナプスでアミロイドβが増え<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the synapse begins to pile up with amyloid beta. </span><br />
<br />
これがくっつきあって<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when this happens, it binds to itself,</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークという塊になります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">forming sticky aggregates called amyloid plaques.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqT-imFg1bK2GD8_niGWRzB6qy1ecbeGV7Hd_mOKBtEPrdemVB_cnpXzNUq22tvF0H1zVj8TW4R439wDeSwJZ-iNpYeFss9ESBqb9BxqCsqQtxa-Dl963Ee_zeIQv-9PxX003qBhyphenhyphenaBw/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqT-imFg1bK2GD8_niGWRzB6qy1ecbeGV7Hd_mOKBtEPrdemVB_cnpXzNUq22tvF0H1zVj8TW4R439wDeSwJZ-iNpYeFss9ESBqb9BxqCsqQtxa-Dl963Ee_zeIQv-9PxX003qBhyphenhyphenaBw/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+11.54.23.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>02:53</i></span><br />
<br />
みなさんの中で40才以上の方は?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How many people here are 40 years old or older? </span><br />
<br />
そろそろ手をあげるのが 怖くなってきましたね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're afraid to admit it now. </span><br />
<br />
この疾患の最初の一歩<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This initial step into the disease, </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークの蓄積は もう既にあなたの脳内にあり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">this presence of amyloid plaques accumulating, can already be found in your brains. </span><br />
<br />
これを探知できるのは PETスキャンだけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The only way we could be sure of this would be through a PET scan, </span><br />
<br />
この時点では幸いにも あなたは何も気がついておらず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because at this point, you are blissfully unaware. </span><br />
<br />
まだ記憶や言葉や認知機能に 不自由を感じていません—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're not showing any impairments in memory, language, or cognition ... </span><br />
<br />
「まだ」です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">yet. </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークが蓄積し 臨界点に至るまでには 少なくとも15〜20年かかる と考えられています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We think it takes at least 15 to 20 years of amyloid plaque accumulation before it reaches a tipping point, </span><br />
<br />
そして分子カスケードが起こり 疾患の症状が現れます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">then triggering a molecular cascade that causes the clinical symptoms of the disease. </span><br />
<br />
臨界点に達する前の 物忘れはこんな感じでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Prior to the tipping point, your lapses in memory might include things like, </span><br />
<br />
「どうしてこの部屋へ入ったんだっけ?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Why did I come in this room?" </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">or</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
「この人の名前何だった?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Oh ... what's his name?" or </span><br />
<br />
「どこに車のキーを置いたかな?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Where did I put my keys?"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>03:47</i></span><br />
<br />
ここで 皆さんが慌て始める前に—<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now, before you all start freaking out again, </span><br />
<br />
皆さんの半分は過去24時間以内に どれかを経験したでしょうからね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because I know half of you did at least one of those in the last 24 hours -- </span><br />
<br />
ごく普通のど忘れです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">these are all normal kinds of forgetting. </span><br />
<br />
実際 これらの例は あなたの記憶力すら 関係ないかもしれません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In fact, I would argue that these examples might not even involve your memory, </span><br />
<br />
だってあなたはどこに鍵を置いたかに 注意してなかった ということもありますからね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because you didn't pay attention to where you put your keys in the first place. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJBST4H_aFFOcZ7IgghxSQiahnJv-wgjP_gPrC7NNXACiZMFWmPCTDEJkNb_73RsEtcAt5PgGdVnzunDPhgdAUztRrT7HwtbNsELrakgphKgmVfePq8xTpxmp1eeG-7rDH7wULZTBY7Ic/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.07.39.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJBST4H_aFFOcZ7IgghxSQiahnJv-wgjP_gPrC7NNXACiZMFWmPCTDEJkNb_73RsEtcAt5PgGdVnzunDPhgdAUztRrT7HwtbNsELrakgphKgmVfePq8xTpxmp1eeG-7rDH7wULZTBY7Ic/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.07.39.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
臨界点を越えると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">After the tipping point, </span><br />
<br />
記憶に不具合が起こり 言葉、認知の仕方は変わります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the glitches in memory, language and cognition are different. </span><br />
<br />
やがて鍵は コートのポケットや ドアの横のテーブルの上ではなく<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Instead of eventually finding your keys in your coat pocket or on the table by the door, </span><br />
<br />
冷蔵庫の中から出てくるようになります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you find them in the refrigerator, </span><br />
<br />
それか 鍵を見てこう考えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">or you find them and you think, </span><br />
<br />
「これは何をするものだっけ?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"What are these for?"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>04:24</i></span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークがこの臨界点まで 蓄積するとどうなるでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what happens when amyloid plaques accumulate to this tipping point? </span><br />
<br />
ミクログリア清掃細胞は 超活性化され<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Our microglia janitor cells become hyper-activated, </span><br />
<br />
炎症や細胞へのダメージを 引き起こす物質を放出します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">releasing chemicals that cause inflammation and cellular damage. </span><br />
<br />
そして実際 シナプス自体を除去し始めると 考えられています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We think they might actually start clearing away the synapses themselves. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpe0opXzAuo2eY2dgsUO__m8bMSo_-QPJ1GP4c4QYLp0sSYzU10k2HIAu3Iv7mM32pWs4W5_j4CmNmCSJtZZheztlJODFD2D6gOhf284f1NmOGlH6rLDEW77CSGPgEpoYhaascL7DpYA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.08.34.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpe0opXzAuo2eY2dgsUO__m8bMSo_-QPJ1GP4c4QYLp0sSYzU10k2HIAu3Iv7mM32pWs4W5_j4CmNmCSJtZZheztlJODFD2D6gOhf284f1NmOGlH6rLDEW77CSGPgEpoYhaascL7DpYA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.08.34.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
重要な微小管結合タンパク質の一種である 「タウ蛋白」が異常リン酸化すると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A crucial neural transport protein called "tau" becomes hyperphosphorylated </span><br />
<br />
「もつれ」と呼ばれる 神経原線維の変化が起こり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and twists itself into something called "tangles," </span><br />
<br />
ニューロンを内側から傷つけます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which choke off the neurons from the inside. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病の中期では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">By mid-stage Alzheimer's, </span><br />
<br />
大規模な炎症や「もつれ」 そしてシナプスでの大混乱 そして細胞死が起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we have massive inflammation and tangles and all-out war at the synapse and cell death.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>05:00</i></span><br />
<br />
もしあなたがこの疾患を 研究する科学者だったら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So if you were a scientist trying to cure this disease, </span><br />
<br />
どの時点で最も介入したいと思いますか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">at what point would you ideally want to intervene? </span><br />
<br />
多くの科学者は 最も単純な解決策に賭けています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Many scientists are betting big on the simplest solution: </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークが 臨界点に達さないようにということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">keep amyloid plaques from reaching that tipping point, </span><br />
<br />
つまり創薬は主にアミロイドプラークの 蓄積を阻害し、消し去り、 減少させることに フォーカスしているということです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which means that drug discovery is largely focused on developing a compound that will prevent, eliminate, or reduce amyloid plaque accumulation. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病の治療は おそらく予防医療となるでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So the cure for Alzheimer's will likely be a preventative medicine. </span><br />
<br />
この薬を臨界点に達する前に カスケードが引き起こされる前に 冷蔵庫に鍵を忘れ始める前に 飲むんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're going to have to take this pill before we reach that tipping point, before the cascade is triggered, before we start leaving our keys in the refrigerator. </span><br />
<br />
こうした類の薬の臨床試験が 今まで失敗に終わったのは<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We think this is why, to date, these kinds of drugs have failed in clinical trials -- </span><br />
<br />
科学に手落ちがあったからでは無く<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">not because the science wasn't sound, </span><br />
<br />
これら治験参加者たちが その時既に発症していたので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but because the people in these trials were already symptomatic. </span><br />
<br />
遅すぎたということにあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was too late. </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドプラークは 火の点いたマッチだと考えてください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Think of amyloid plaques as a lit match. </span><br />
<br />
臨界点でマッチは森へ火を点けてしまいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At the tipping point, the match sets fire to the forest. </span><br />
<br />
一度森に火を放てば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Once the forest is ablaze, </span><br />
<br />
いくらマッチを吹き消しても 手遅れです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it doesn't do any good to blow out the match. </span><br />
<br />
森に引火する前に マッチを消さなければいけません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have to blow out the match before the forest catches fire.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>06:08</i></span><br />
<br />
科学者たちが 治療法を見つける以前に この情報はグッドニュースなのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Even before scientists sort this out, this information is actually really good news for us, </span><br />
<br />
私たちの生活の仕方が アミロイドプラークの蓄積を左右する ということなんですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because it turns out that the way we live can influence the accumulation of amyloid plaques. </span><br />
<br />
その臨界点に達さないように できることがいくつかあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so there are things we can do to keep us from reaching that tipping point.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>06:22</i></span><br />
<br />
あなたがアルツハイマー病になるリスクを シーソー・スケールで考えてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's picture your risk of Alzheimer's as a see-saw scale. </span><br />
<br />
一方にリスク要因を積み上げ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're going to pile risk factors on one arm, </span><br />
<br />
そちらが床に着くと<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and when that arm hits the floor, </span><br />
<br />
あなたは発症し アルツハイマー病だと診断されます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you are symptomatic and diagnosed with Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
あなたは50才だとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's imagine you're 50 years old. </span><br />
<br />
もう若くはないので 長年のアミロイドプラークが いくらか蓄積しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're not a spring chicken anymore, so you've accumulated some amyloid plaques with age. </span><br />
<br />
それでシーソーが少し傾いています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Your scale is tipped a little bit.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzNGJgcB4CQw3BCPWymsHeHwiS7u1NKMg5rnE631zRF9E4zWRuXlASzXvazFrMdEvySLwlm2nS7EAQovdIk6eF3NRWj31RWIUI29P2JjQgMKRI1Gi2aD6KF6YNjOAvrbMklqT6Oqwn550/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzNGJgcB4CQw3BCPWymsHeHwiS7u1NKMg5rnE631zRF9E4zWRuXlASzXvazFrMdEvySLwlm2nS7EAQovdIk6eF3NRWj31RWIUI29P2JjQgMKRI1Gi2aD6KF6YNjOAvrbMklqT6Oqwn550/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.08.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>06:44</i></span><br />
<br />
ではあなたのDNAを見てみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now let's look at your DNA. </span><br />
<br />
私たちは皆 両親から遺伝子を受け継ぎます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We've all inherited our genes from our moms and our dads. </span><br />
<br />
リスクを増やす遺伝子もあれば 減らす遺伝子もあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some of these genes will increase our risk and some will decrease it. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7-%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1/dp/4908059136/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1512876238&sr=8-3&keywords=still+alice&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=79c7b9b0d6e57b99b46b19cd95b64bdf" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=4908059136&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=4908059136" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
『アリスのままで』のアリスのように<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you're like Alice in "Still Alice," </span><br />
<br />
アミロイドβを増殖させる 稀な遺伝子変異を受け継げば<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you've inherited a rare genetic mutation that cranks out amyloid beta, </span><br />
<br />
それだけでシーソーが完全に傾きます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and this alone will tip your scale arm to the ground. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWDOMg7PZMq4IJY8DUg8gI3qiuwdDAgI_ZffMHmRXpp0U76N2hyphenhyphen58XxvstigPAfniOE0yXYOFnPB_0ENfO_0oAF1hJ-ol6geJFZwlx1PMGFmo3-PFu3Op4BAE85w8EYLgzJgvKFRgXyA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.34.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWDOMg7PZMq4IJY8DUg8gI3qiuwdDAgI_ZffMHmRXpp0U76N2hyphenhyphen58XxvstigPAfniOE0yXYOFnPB_0ENfO_0oAF1hJ-ol6geJFZwlx1PMGFmo3-PFu3Op4BAE85w8EYLgzJgvKFRgXyA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.34.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
しかし私たちのほとんどでは 遺伝的要因は それほど影響しません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But for most of us, the genes we inherit will only tip the arm a bit. </span><br />
<br />
例えばAPOE4はアミロイドを増やす 遺伝子多型の1つですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">For example, APOE4 is a gene variant that increases amyloid, </span><br />
<br />
APOE4を父母から受け継いでも アルツハイマー病を 発症するとは限りません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but you can inherit a copy of APOE4 from mom and dad and still never get Alzheimer's, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK5GZW0mgIlfmOqgPmiznnayuAWP1NT4QHx2ztbkVm_Er12Uf29EExk1fnWkg2e_WdwbSP5b0jgTVnQNu83iHa85kbYgbMR6jUzw8EKXnOSL6uKXMNvrkKUG8gu_lgFvVGnH_psRfaSHE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.45.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK5GZW0mgIlfmOqgPmiznnayuAWP1NT4QHx2ztbkVm_Er12Uf29EExk1fnWkg2e_WdwbSP5b0jgTVnQNu83iHa85kbYgbMR6jUzw8EKXnOSL6uKXMNvrkKUG8gu_lgFvVGnH_psRfaSHE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+12.21.45.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
つまり ほとんどの人にとっては アルツハイマー病を発症するかどうかは DNA だけでは決まりません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which means that for most of us, our DNA alone does not determine whether we get Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
では何が要因なのでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So what does?</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
私たちには 老いや遺伝をコントロールできません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We can't do anything about getting older or the genes we've inherited. </span><br />
<br />
まだ私たちの脳の運命は変わっていませんね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So far, we haven't changed our brain's destiny.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>07:34</i></span><br />
<br />
睡眠はどうでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What about sleep? </span><br />
<br />
徐波深睡眠 (SWDS) の間に<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In slow-wave deep sleep, </span><br />
<br />
グリア細胞が脳脊髄液に乗って 脳内を循環し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">our glial cells rinse cerebral spinal fluid throughout our brains, </span><br />
<br />
起きている間にシナプスに蓄積した 代謝廃棄物を 洗い流します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">clearing away metabolic waste that accumulated in our synapses while we were awake. </span><br />
<br />
深い睡眠は脳の 強力洗浄のようなものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Deep sleep is like a power cleanse for the brain. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih1vveHKZ_C5ow1aA0RGhwy2Xr9X6zv_8EVHmcdNn60cpdhmyjEvVvj9miOSc3dV0CHZy6mZ_KYvOSQ4IZEH5XmGaLlxsqd7DRzYOIyWQ0r1qCic3OwxQorInjTQlnRAdSni6OnAaNyvc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.02.10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih1vveHKZ_C5ow1aA0RGhwy2Xr9X6zv_8EVHmcdNn60cpdhmyjEvVvj9miOSc3dV0CHZy6mZ_KYvOSQ4IZEH5XmGaLlxsqd7DRzYOIyWQ0r1qCic3OwxQorInjTQlnRAdSni6OnAaNyvc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.02.10.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
では睡眠時間を削ると どうなるでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But what happens if you shortchange yourself on sleep? </span><br />
<br />
多くの科学者は 睡眠不足がアルツハイマー病の 予測因子となると信じています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Many scientists believe that poor sleep hygiene might actually be a predictor of Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
1晩眠らないとアミロイドβが増えます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A single night of sleep deprivation leads to an increase in amyloid beta. </span><br />
<br />
そしてアミロイドβの蓄積は 睡眠を阻害することが確認されており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And amyloid accumulation has been shown to disrupt sleep, </span><br />
<br />
これが更にアミロイドの蓄積に繋がります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which in turn causes more amyloid to accumulate. </span><br />
<br />
このような 正のフィードバックループによって 臨界点に向けてシーソーの傾き方が 加速します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And so now we have this positive feedback loop that's going to accelerate the tipping of that scale.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>08:19</i></span><br />
<br />
他には?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What else? </span><br />
<br />
循環器系の健康<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Cardiovascular health. </span><br />
<br />
高血圧、<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">High blood pressure, </span><br />
<br />
糖尿病、肥満、<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">diabetes, obesity, </span><br />
<br />
喫煙 高コレステロール値<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">smoking, high cholesterol, </span><br />
<br />
これらはすべてアルツハイマー病発症の リスクを高めることが確認されています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">have all been shown to increase our risk of developing Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-u1HeJLLG1xGAtcW75eiS5cckMw-dlN3rqfWdICLf8eq9pSZ4PEWO6MmLi4dIyHfl8xuslR06FUgXS5N5eMTgi-E0jT_lJeYKzQ1oeA03jVl1N2XRoK9iHFPmef5xvcL4HcCd7puSvA/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.02.32.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-u1HeJLLG1xGAtcW75eiS5cckMw-dlN3rqfWdICLf8eq9pSZ4PEWO6MmLi4dIyHfl8xuslR06FUgXS5N5eMTgi-E0jT_lJeYKzQ1oeA03jVl1N2XRoK9iHFPmef5xvcL4HcCd7puSvA/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.02.32.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ある病理解剖研究では アルツハイマー病患者の80%に 循環器疾患が見られたそうです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Some autopsy studies have shown that as many as 80 percent of people with Alzheimer's also had cardiovascular disease. </span><br />
<br />
様々な動物モデル研究で エアロビック運動がアミロイドβを減らすと 実証されました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Aerobic exercise has been shown in many studies to decrease amyloid beta in animal models of the disease. </span><br />
<br />
循環器系に良い地中海式の食事は シーソーの傾きを抑えてくれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So a heart-healthy Mediterranean lifestyle and diet can help to counter the tipping of this scale.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>08:52</i></span><br />
<br />
このように色々な努力で アルツハイマー病の発症を 予防したり遅らせたり出来ます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So there are many things we can do to prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
しかし 例えばこれらを 何もしていないとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But let's say you haven't done any of them. </span><br />
<br />
そして あなたは65才だとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's say you're 65; </span><br />
<br />
家族にはアルツハイマー病患者がいるので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there's Alzheimer's in your family, </span><br />
<br />
その遺伝子を持っている可能性があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so you've likely inherited a gene </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">or two</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
<br />
シーソーが少し傾きました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that tips your scale arm a bit; </span><br />
<br />
あなたは朝から晩まで忙しくしていて<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you've been burning the candle at both ends for years; </span><br />
<br />
ベーコンが好きで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you love bacon; </span><br />
<br />
誰かに追われない限り ランニングはしません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and you don't run unless someone's chasing you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilcz65xsUteWiA2kxbTMJs6rN6TKMJb_XTGp73J9sk2YO7rI8RDNWPLYm8Svi3D0C_AXh9IgzJSxlv5BUb5Va1e32DdS-W5AThmMIdTcSc0aLxBC4FTi50wR2b4Qcm0KENPAZWdGpNTkY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.03.14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilcz65xsUteWiA2kxbTMJs6rN6TKMJb_XTGp73J9sk2YO7rI8RDNWPLYm8Svi3D0C_AXh9IgzJSxlv5BUb5Va1e32DdS-W5AThmMIdTcSc0aLxBC4FTi50wR2b4Qcm0KENPAZWdGpNTkY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.03.14.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>09:16</i></span><br />
<br />
あなたのアミロイドプラークの蓄積量が 臨界点に達したとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's imagine that your amyloid plaques have reached that tipping point. </span><br />
<br />
天秤の片方が地面につきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Your scale arm has crashed to the floor. </span><br />
<br />
カスケードが加速し 森に火を放ってしまいました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You've tripped the cascade, setting fire to the forest, </span><br />
<br />
炎症が起こり 「もつれ」が起こり 細胞死が起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">causing inflammation, tangles, and cell death. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病の症状が出てきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You should be symptomatic for Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
言葉や鍵のありかを思い出せなくなり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You should be having trouble finding words and keys </span><br />
<br />
この話の冒頭に私が何を言ったかを 思い出せません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and remembering what I said at the beginning of this talk. </span><br />
<br />
でも そうはならないかも<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But you might not be.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>09:41</i></span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病の症状から 自分自身を守るために できることがもう1つあるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's one more thing you can do to protect yourself from experiencing the symptoms of Alzheimer's, </span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
あなたの脳が完全に 病に侵されていても。<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">even if you have the full-blown disease pathology ablaze in your brain. </span><br />
<br />
神経可塑性ということと 認知予備力に関することです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It has to do with neural plasticity and cognitive reserve. </span><br />
<br />
覚えていますか アルツハイマー疾患は シナプスの欠損により起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Remember, the experience of having Alzheimer's is ultimately a result of losing synapses. </span><br />
<br />
平均的な脳には 100兆個以上のシナプスがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The average brain has over a hundred trillion synapses, </span><br />
<br />
これは素晴らしいことですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which is fantastic; </span><br />
<br />
たくさんの資源です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we've got a lot to work with. </span><br />
<br />
そしてこの量は決定的ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this isn't a static number. </span><br />
<br />
私たちのシナプスは常に 増えたり減ったりしており<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We gain and lose synapses all the time, </span><br />
<br />
このことを神経可塑性と言います<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">through a process called neural plasticity. </span><br />
<br />
何か新しい事柄を学ぶたびに<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Every time we learn something new, </span><br />
<br />
新たな神経結合やシナプスを 作ったり強化したりしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we are creating and strengthening new neural connections, new synapses.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>10:22</i></span><br />
<br />
「修道女の研究 (Nun Study)」では<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In the Nun Study, </span><br />
<br />
研究開始時に75才以上だった 678人の修道女たちを 20年以上追跡しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">678 nuns, all over the age of 75 when the study began, were followed for more than two decades. </span><br />
<br />
彼女たちに定期的に健康診断や 認知テストを行い<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They were regularly given physical checkups and cognitive tests, </span><br />
<br />
亡くなった後に彼女たちの脳は 全て解剖研究に提供されました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and when they died, their brains were all donated for autopsy. </span><br />
<br />
科学者たちはいくつかの脳に 驚くべきことを発見しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In some of these brains, scientists discovered something surprising. </span><br />
<br />
プラークや「もつれ」の存在や 脳の萎縮といった 明らかなアルツハイマー病の兆候に関わらず<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Despite the presence of plaques and tangles and brain shrinkage -- what appeared to be unquestionable Alzheimer's -- </span><br />
<br />
こうした脳の持ち主の修道女たちは 生前 何の症状も示して いなかったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the nuns who had belonged to these brains showed no signs of having the disease while they were alive.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>10:58</i></span><br />
<br />
一体どうしてでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">How can this be? </span><br />
<br />
これは彼女たちが 高い認知的予備力を持っていた<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We think it's because these nuns had a high level of cognitive reserve, </span><br />
<br />
つまりより多くの機能するシナプスを 持っていたからだと考えています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which is a way of saying that they had more functional synapses. </span><br />
<br />
長く正規教育を受けていて 高いリテラシーを持ち 精神的に刺激を受ける活動をする人々は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">People who have more years of formal education, who have a high degree of literacy, who engage regularly in mentally stimulating activities, </span><br />
<br />
認知的予備力が多く<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">all have more cognitive reserve. </span><br />
<br />
神経が豊富に幾重にも繋がっているので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They have an abundance and a redundancy in neural connections. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病のような疾患が シナプスの一部を欠損させてしまっても<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So even if they have a disease like Alzheimer's compromising some of their synapses, </span><br />
<br />
まだ予備の神経結合があり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they've got many extra backup connections, </span><br />
<br />
これが緩衝材となって 何かが欠けているとは気づかないのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and this buffers them from noticing that anything is amiss.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>11:34</i></span><br />
<br />
単純な例を考えてみましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's imagine a simplified example. </span><br />
<br />
あるテーマについて 1つだけ知っているとします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's say you only know one thing about a subject. </span><br />
<br />
たとえば 私のことについて―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's say it's about me. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/Still-Alice-Leben-Gestern-Filmcover/dp/3404271157/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1512876238&sr=8-2&keywords=still+alice&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=94c7cf7cb4587b3408dedc9266f53a49" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=3404271157&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=3404271157" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
『アリスのままで』の著者リサ・ジェノヴァ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You know that Lisa Genova wrote "Still Alice," </span><br />
<br />
皆さんが私について知っているのは それだけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and that's the only thing you know about me. </span><br />
<br />
あなたにあるのは1つの神経結合だけ 1つのシナプスだけです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have that single neural connection, that one synapse. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh24dfK-GGWU2BLFgSByFnFqO0zidMsoVsO41F6wODuRX-56LSKgEXVXBGN0zQHVCbIj3hLhDfDi3sGTJKG2ibn6cMnWUxKX3-Wo7LTflKxnzpINtZAK4L9Iiirg2FswZ0h-Ywx3UelUYQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.41.51.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh24dfK-GGWU2BLFgSByFnFqO0zidMsoVsO41F6wODuRX-56LSKgEXVXBGN0zQHVCbIj3hLhDfDi3sGTJKG2ibn6cMnWUxKX3-Wo7LTflKxnzpINtZAK4L9Iiirg2FswZ0h-Ywx3UelUYQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.41.51.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
では あなたにアルツハイマー病が あるとしましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now imagine you have Alzheimer's. </span><br />
<br />
プラークも「もつれ」も炎症も起こっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You have plaques and tangles and inflammation </span><br />
<br />
ミクログリアはシナプスを食い荒らしています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and microglia devouring that synapse. </span><br />
<br />
「『アリスのままで』を書いたのは 誰だった?」と聞かれても 覚えてはいないでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now when someone asks you, "Hey, who wrote 'Still Alice?'" you can't remember, </span><br />
<br />
シナプスが劣化したり 消失したりしたからです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because that synapse is either failing or gone. </span><br />
<br />
私のことを永遠に忘れてしまったのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You've forgotten me forever.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jSSBMg5WHqISiFktIYKLb2lYhiHWq1PYmESSxH2GUow_S18KwadNjr85CurKEcuv1Ap1Tfcq3zsj5CBduXVDeNq7wU59HRchUxfTeSQNqvdFLUhOJB_MJtoqpaf3YPyHcFbfWxhmJ0M/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.41.57.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jSSBMg5WHqISiFktIYKLb2lYhiHWq1PYmESSxH2GUow_S18KwadNjr85CurKEcuv1Ap1Tfcq3zsj5CBduXVDeNq7wU59HRchUxfTeSQNqvdFLUhOJB_MJtoqpaf3YPyHcFbfWxhmJ0M/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.41.57.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>12:09</i></span><br />
<br />
でももし私についての知識が もっとあったらどうでしょうか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But what if you had learned more about me? </span><br />
<br />
私について4つの事柄を知っているとします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's say you learned four things about me. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj-BsEggnrdBHZfUjqteBLg8GmfUau7dv3oUkFyiRskKWzQmZL5FT6UJZweLCvOy_HEuSA6WWxiat_1mEeLEODZ-WziOw0F71CKzKjT6ZAnZB5Kqjn67CGxS6Tb11l21JvcYeN0PtXhH8/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.42.17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj-BsEggnrdBHZfUjqteBLg8GmfUau7dv3oUkFyiRskKWzQmZL5FT6UJZweLCvOy_HEuSA6WWxiat_1mEeLEODZ-WziOw0F71CKzKjT6ZAnZB5Kqjn67CGxS6Tb11l21JvcYeN0PtXhH8/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.42.17.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そして あなたがアルツハイマー病を患い 3つの情報に関するシナプスが 損傷したり破損したりしたとします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Now imagine you have Alzheimer's, and three of those synapses are damaged or destroyed. </span><br />
<br />
でもあなたはその損傷を迂回して<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You still have a way to detour the wreckage. </span><br />
<br />
私の名前を覚えておけるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You can still remember my name. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mZ9tEaJhSMv_ahDih-CPO0JEW2IvwCQTq-KEk_9V8zb-KWFDrTuulexA-zxnpoSK5IIyF3qB70g5yJuTz_0ugONATLP51OrgQOklNK8dzWAIUSxTG4vRzlL1PYJaeFqPcm9gZphXgmI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.42.23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mZ9tEaJhSMv_ahDih-CPO0JEW2IvwCQTq-KEk_9V8zb-KWFDrTuulexA-zxnpoSK5IIyF3qB70g5yJuTz_0ugONATLP51OrgQOklNK8dzWAIUSxTG4vRzlL1PYJaeFqPcm9gZphXgmI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-10+13.42.23.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
まだ傷ついていない経路を動員して アルツハイマー病の症状にも 耐えることができるんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we can be resilient to the presence of Alzheimer's pathology through the recruitment of yet-undamaged pathways. </span><br />
<br />
ヒトはこうした別経路や つまり認知予備力を 新たな物事を学ぶことで築きます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we create these pathways, this cognitive reserve, by learning new things. </span><br />
<br />
理想的には豊かな意味を持っている 新たな物事を学ぶのが良いでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Ideally, we want these new things to be as rich in meaning as possible, </span><br />
<br />
視覚や聴覚情報、そして関連付けや 感情を喚起するようなものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">recruiting sight and sound and associations and emotion.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>12:48</i></span><br />
<br />
クロスワードパズルのようなものでは 効果的ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So this really doesn't mean doing crossword puzzles. </span><br />
<br />
既に学んだ情報を取り出すだけでは 不十分です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You don't want to simply retrieve information you've already learned, </span><br />
<br />
良く知った道を後戻りするような 見知った街並みを歩くようなことでは無く<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because this is like traveling down old, familiar streets, cruising neighborhoods you already know. </span><br />
<br />
新しい神経の道を作るんです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You want to pave new neural roads. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病にかかりにくい 脳を作るためには<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Building an Alzheimer's-resistant brain means </span><br />
<br />
外国語を習ったり 新しい友達を作ったり 本を読んだり TEDトークを聞くことです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">learning to speak Italian, meeting new friends, reading a book, or listening to a great TED Talk.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>13:15</i></span><br />
<br />
もしあなたがアルツハイマー病と診断されたら<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if, despite all of this, you are someday diagnosed with Alzheimer's, </span><br />
<br />
私が祖母やアルツハイマー病患者たちから 学んだ 3つの教訓があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">there are three lessons I've learned from my grandmother and the dozens of people I've come to know living with this disease. </span><br />
<br />
アルツハイマー病に診断されても 明日死んでしまうわけではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Diagnosis doesn't mean you're dying tomorrow. </span><br />
<br />
生き続けてください<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Keep living. </span><br />
<br />
あなたは感情記憶を失わないのだから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You won't lose your emotional memory. </span><br />
<br />
あなたにはまだ愛や喜びが分かります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You'll still be able to understand love and joy. </span><br />
<br />
私が5分前に何を言ったか 覚えていられなくても<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You might not remember what I said five minutes ago, </span><br />
<br />
どんな感情を抱いたかを覚えているでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but you'll remember how I made you feel. </span><br />
<br />
あなたは 単なる記憶よりも 大切な存在です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And you are more than what you can remember.</span><br />
<br />
ありがとうございました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/ja/lisa_genova_what_you_can_do_to_prevent_alzheimer_s" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7-DVD-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2/dp/B015Z6D2I0/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&qid=1512876238&sr=8-5&keywords=still+alice&linkCode=li3&tag=airroomcom-22&linkId=05fb9c9c13ed894ee0610b28743e361d" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-fe.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B015Z6D2I0&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=JP&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=airroomcom-22" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-jp.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=airroomcom-22&l=li3&o=9&a=B015Z6D2I0" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5936603059706392399.post-56435559384470245472017-12-08T09:14:00.003+09:002017-12-08T09:14:57.182+09:00燃料なしで空を飛ぶ[Tomas Saraceno]<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Tomás Saraceno</span><br />
トマス・サラセーノ<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Would you live in a floating city in the sky?</span><br />
空に浮かぶ都市に住んでみませんか?<br />
<br />
<div style="max-width: 854px;">
<div style="height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/lang/en/tomas_saraceno_would_you_live_in_a_floating_bubble_in_the_sky" style="height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;" width="854"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:12</i></span><br />
<br />
ここはこの地球で お気に入りの場所―<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is my favorite place on earth, </span><br />
<br />
ボリビアのウユニ塩原です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaxtYuhh6x85tUMi1aBLvSdf-4RDkZS6F7ByD_MhB7FHXqSN5LFr4dnVOQki7WmIapn-dGf5JJ5gPZE2AcQv9LLiGc080UQDUg0Zn7WF7vKToRL8fscqrk6-L49cU64gxxSmd_a_bIBLI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.09.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaxtYuhh6x85tUMi1aBLvSdf-4RDkZS6F7ByD_MhB7FHXqSN5LFr4dnVOQki7WmIapn-dGf5JJ5gPZE2AcQv9LLiGc080UQDUg0Zn7WF7vKToRL8fscqrk6-L49cU64gxxSmd_a_bIBLI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.09.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
表面が薄い水の層で 覆われている時は 雲の姿を映し出し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when it's covered in a thin layer of water, it reflects the clouds. </span><br />
<br />
雲に囲まれて浮かんでいるような 気分になることもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are days when you feel as if you're floating among the clouds. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUBOeQWIP2kBnfPelvb4Or9geiU2SwqrAapUS3D3Fqkj5IutehyWyVRJ-Z5WOIkDtgVgnatC2LGjxi0gSAWHfdQa488RIJ7zcBaK7qbkIYvQFXcjh1QlGkOFoESDk-lwmQUAoPiaJuio/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.45.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUBOeQWIP2kBnfPelvb4Or9geiU2SwqrAapUS3D3Fqkj5IutehyWyVRJ-Z5WOIkDtgVgnatC2LGjxi0gSAWHfdQa488RIJ7zcBaK7qbkIYvQFXcjh1QlGkOFoESDk-lwmQUAoPiaJuio/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.45.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
一方で地平線が消え去り 空と大地の区別が なくなることもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But there are days when the horizon disappears; there's no longer a top or a bottom. </span><br />
<br />
何か より大きなものに 取り込まれたように感じます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You feel immersed in something bigger.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQrGcetAI9B2Q-7oqpPIwhFXErC8yWla-yXlHmG7rjbfL7hPeFKGCFxS3CBvHIuMVBDaOd59YGt-C-jQUVklwznZcb-EZSr4DXdPMgd5RKxwhYxYwpwz9i-ze5559owbDrFImwFRhS6tE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.53.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQrGcetAI9B2Q-7oqpPIwhFXErC8yWla-yXlHmG7rjbfL7hPeFKGCFxS3CBvHIuMVBDaOd59YGt-C-jQUVklwznZcb-EZSr4DXdPMgd5RKxwhYxYwpwz9i-ze5559owbDrFImwFRhS6tE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.21.53.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:38</i></span><br />
<br />
ある晩のこと 夢から覚めると 星さえもが 水面に映っていました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was there that one night I woke up from a dream, and I saw that the stars were also reflected on the water. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1HarP2fcnnhYk8w5OOdj4T7ryL58WEKTyJGvTszksCxPKcCq60HBl9AFM-DQdVArqEjmk1BZNV-DDWPSHwTKv-5VqIcJ98G-iitII5E7z5dDMkptrz9NOsmkgJaRvWBgC4t96YBI1kPI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1HarP2fcnnhYk8w5OOdj4T7ryL58WEKTyJGvTszksCxPKcCq60HBl9AFM-DQdVArqEjmk1BZNV-DDWPSHwTKv-5VqIcJ98G-iitII5E7z5dDMkptrz9NOsmkgJaRvWBgC4t96YBI1kPI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.04.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
夢ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And that wasn't a dream. </span><br />
<br />
まるで星間を歩いているかのようでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was as if you could walk among the stars. </span><br />
<br />
一歩一歩進むごとに 足元の星がきらきらと輝きます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">With every step I took, the stars reverberated under my feet. </span><br />
<br />
宇宙空間に漂っているようでした そこは銀河がなす雲の中なのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It was like I was floating in the universe among clouds of galaxies.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWkMVOqToUeN27O6OG3TpZSXW5paYcITuY811E90D50lxlCtIngy5FBIIb4sgBpgXyjLYsnPXWoSKkYhnmpdwOYoCK20aylIM15eVn6qLv99VShvfY7fxayOKyRxFoKSWX8HmGCacCWmU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWkMVOqToUeN27O6OG3TpZSXW5paYcITuY811E90D50lxlCtIngy5FBIIb4sgBpgXyjLYsnPXWoSKkYhnmpdwOYoCK20aylIM15eVn6qLv99VShvfY7fxayOKyRxFoKSWX8HmGCacCWmU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.11.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>00:59</i></span><br />
<br />
しかし 今この場所に浮かんでいるのは 銀河の雲だけではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But what's floating there today are not just clouds of galaxies </span><br />
<br />
たくさんのプラスチックごみもあるのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but also clouds of plastic. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ZebQbbdkVnVQNK7cE9XNCAXh8wLSBf-ZOGZKe6qAwhxoSTXzMul7cX4B1K0Rx_czMy3NBfaX6kdVawuhoypF_JGNTT9wfqtM28xu2oySaLfYpMx6PR-zGi_7-ZP1ls9PnQch8ZHmLZI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.24.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ZebQbbdkVnVQNK7cE9XNCAXh8wLSBf-ZOGZKe6qAwhxoSTXzMul7cX4B1K0Rx_czMy3NBfaX6kdVawuhoypF_JGNTT9wfqtM28xu2oySaLfYpMx6PR-zGi_7-ZP1ls9PnQch8ZHmLZI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.24.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
我々が地球に残している足跡です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are the footprints we're leaving on the planet. </span><br />
<br />
それは 一部の人間の行動が 地球規模の影響を 環境に及ぼしていることによる 新しい時代の到来を示しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They're signs of an era in which the behavior of some humans is making a global impact on our ecosystems. </span><br />
<br />
この地質時代は 「人新世」と呼ばれています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This era is called the Anthropocene. </span><br />
<br />
大気中には別のタイプの 有害な雲も浮かんでいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There's also another type of toxic clouds that float in the air, </span><br />
<br />
それは 二酸化炭素の排出からできた雲― 石油、石炭、天然ガスといった 化石燃料を燃やしたことによるもので<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">like the ones that form from carbon dioxide emissions and from the burning of fossil fuels -- oil, carbon, gas -- clouds that, </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDhigbGfrYYf1o5W31YQCATDLMBpjNIjVwopQQVV30tjuMcDyFNRVSMfO2BJ7XX0yaNZxDFR-UutYubhJVgrq8vicaXYmcgCWN9bq4dd8YxeZkmPl4MPgrU267lSmsRUKtdNUU_jvinc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.46.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDhigbGfrYYf1o5W31YQCATDLMBpjNIjVwopQQVV30tjuMcDyFNRVSMfO2BJ7XX0yaNZxDFR-UutYubhJVgrq8vicaXYmcgCWN9bq4dd8YxeZkmPl4MPgrU267lSmsRUKtdNUU_jvinc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.22.46.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そのような雲を見ていると 私たちの夢は汚されていきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">when we see them, pollute our dreams. </span><br />
<br />
皆さんはどうか分かりませんが 私は雲の中に浮かぶことを ずっと夢見てきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I don't know about all of you, but I've always dreamed of floating among the clouds. </span><br />
<br />
今日は別のタイプの雲を 一緒に想像してみませんか<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Maybe today we can imagine together other types of clouds, </span><br />
<br />
私たちと共存できる雲です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">clouds we can live with.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>01:46</i></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWU4J_GtTrf_MoPm4UvqPCMSNLx4QREA1NLcic4SSCfyHUUC1KZ5SL74kVInvCPegsjWTSX5A1-6sc-wuVYuor2f83OWaygJsVGm877Af4jLY0kxtT9k_98V5cyT0rHKC8qHhkfiOsLMQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.23.04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWU4J_GtTrf_MoPm4UvqPCMSNLx4QREA1NLcic4SSCfyHUUC1KZ5SL74kVInvCPegsjWTSX5A1-6sc-wuVYuor2f83OWaygJsVGm877Af4jLY0kxtT9k_98V5cyT0rHKC8qHhkfiOsLMQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.23.04.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
この写真は一体何かとお思いですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If you're wondering about that photo, </span><br />
<br />
説明しましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I'll explain: </span><br />
<br />
コラージュやモンタージュ写真のように見え 不思議な感じですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it looks like a collage or photomontage -- something weird. </span><br />
<br />
でも違います 現実のものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">No; it's reality. </span><br />
<br />
でも 時にこんな疑問が湧いてきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But sometimes I ask myself: </span><br />
<br />
現実って何?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What is reality? </span><br />
<br />
アレクサンダー・クルーゲによると<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">According to Alexander Kluge: </span><br />
<br />
「人間というものは現実には興味がないんだ<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Human beings are not interested in reality. </span><br />
<br />
興味を持つわけがない<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They can’t be; </span><br />
<br />
それが人間の本質の一部なのだから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it’s part of the human essence. </span><br />
<br />
人間には願望があり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They have desires. </span><br />
<br />
それはあらゆる現実と 真っ向から対立している<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These desires are totally opposed to any form of reality. </span><br />
<br />
願望から決別するくらいなら 嘘をつく方がましだと 思っているんだ」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">They prefer to lie than to become divorced from their desires." </span><br />
<br />
しかし どうしたら 雲の中に漂えるようになるでしょうか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But how can we learn to float among the clouds? </span><br />
<br />
芸術家として 空飛ぶミュージアムの建造から 始められるのではと考えました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">As an artist, I thought we could start building a flying museum. </span><br />
<br />
「ビニール袋でどうするの」 とお思いですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're probably wondering: With plastic bags?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>02:26</i></span><br />
<br />
2007年 世界中の仲間が協力して 使用済みビニール袋の 回収を始めました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In 2007, with a community of people all over the world, we began to collect used plastic bags -- </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQa34ZaujYWf4gBP0K1-TQiqPK7xLWS1VHyf98OdUVbrcMlBRz69RxK-3hgPnrY6guX380NFycZp48FWaTSqmnXsQNJJJ4FAV_h7kPovGNEjQfwde3hGXurICr8_2my-OGeFqrFhNXaqg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.36.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQa34ZaujYWf4gBP0K1-TQiqPK7xLWS1VHyf98OdUVbrcMlBRz69RxK-3hgPnrY6guX380NFycZp48FWaTSqmnXsQNJJJ4FAV_h7kPovGNEjQfwde3hGXurICr8_2my-OGeFqrFhNXaqg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.36.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
新品の袋ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">not new ones. </span><br />
<br />
回収したものを洗浄し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we washed them, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuR6VdBe8qcUy_Ij9zu8iRaBOSjA3_xWwQ6eMoJK2gfTVMCIyhPk8DTL_TFeTXNsVDXB6dtGjb8WBODQSUF-0NXzuDLiK1bex7T7sdITAFXkddfZ-CtdQbfvP-nDqqXrpAvHLN-IJGHhc/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.38.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuR6VdBe8qcUy_Ij9zu8iRaBOSjA3_xWwQ6eMoJK2gfTVMCIyhPk8DTL_TFeTXNsVDXB6dtGjb8WBODQSUF-0NXzuDLiK1bex7T7sdITAFXkddfZ-CtdQbfvP-nDqqXrpAvHLN-IJGHhc/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.38.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
カットして<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we cut them up, </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETtW8NapedTHR43lmbs5Jkf8SAlGye-55GN26LI-NlNOmrDqg9bF66WEV6WDO2lb5PmcAjC-20Q44ZoAtveaVarHeVowLXaeky8NCZW_7CRXqv1_vToM6ZfJQ0bSHdngLEAeSM8ofEHM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.41.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhETtW8NapedTHR43lmbs5Jkf8SAlGye-55GN26LI-NlNOmrDqg9bF66WEV6WDO2lb5PmcAjC-20Q44ZoAtveaVarHeVowLXaeky8NCZW_7CRXqv1_vToM6ZfJQ0bSHdngLEAeSM8ofEHM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.41.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
貼り合わせることで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">we glued them together, </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGQJYgvHRYSz17Un3q6fNVmAduzXIpGhSKCdFxeOH9y4frR7ETYSdP-XymitcLWJH9wfS6oGucWdZS39nPDEWUqXvax-rm6SEeC3mmloOFhMsR0ejPSmqkTB5jpTGn8Y_v0bnAQWGNVE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.42.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGQJYgvHRYSz17Un3q6fNVmAduzXIpGhSKCdFxeOH9y4frR7ETYSdP-XymitcLWJH9wfS6oGucWdZS39nPDEWUqXvax-rm6SEeC3mmloOFhMsR0ejPSmqkTB5jpTGn8Y_v0bnAQWGNVE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.42.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
巨大なカンバスを作り 絵を描き始めました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and we began to draw on them, creating a huge canvas. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyK7hnZVP9JLKaYaskuNCGPJ4Y35cJg6G2Z7JM-WeDryHuzXLIy_fzlzhd93nQTND7TvE3qxpixwNp9RwdzTkItfSJPzq5jn0AyXuT1R1uJtbzqwYQOxdaFMeRvvMmJ6SzPzRlswzxU28/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.44.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyK7hnZVP9JLKaYaskuNCGPJ4Y35cJg6G2Z7JM-WeDryHuzXLIy_fzlzhd93nQTND7TvE3qxpixwNp9RwdzTkItfSJPzq5jn0AyXuT1R1uJtbzqwYQOxdaFMeRvvMmJ6SzPzRlswzxU28/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.44.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
絵のコレクションができました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We made a collection of drawings, </span><br />
<br />
それには個人的なストーリーや 友情が描かれています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">of personal stories and of friendships. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik3ngJYgCBhxDEDpfVWWKibeK_STDUehzEUFQ-i5ftcUUIB63KX8125DFZGUXBMYRS1a61xlzFljdcGWj1akxQqSv-fqVNPZSkiXVQF8fXQ_TISSmVd6Y0d2OyGcc31f6NOpTxNw_aS1Q/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik3ngJYgCBhxDEDpfVWWKibeK_STDUehzEUFQ-i5ftcUUIB63KX8125DFZGUXBMYRS1a61xlzFljdcGWj1akxQqSv-fqVNPZSkiXVQF8fXQ_TISSmVd6Y0d2OyGcc31f6NOpTxNw_aS1Q/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.41.52.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
これらを繋ぎ合わせ 曲げたり 折ったりし 組み上げていきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And when you join them, bend them and fold them, </span><br />
<br />
すると空気で満たされた 空間ができます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it creates a space full of air. </span><br />
<br />
太陽が地平線から顔を出すと ミュージアムが空へと 上昇していきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When the sun comes up from the horizon, the museum rises up to the sky. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHqVdMC3OKezq37iQn3WVeQ3OrFY-2DLnS9sgqywviNYcLioTWyyD-4OxKFZupRtLjM466Jx4WVn38x8OhRaiD58kuHOxSyuFeksb9ddEs0C-f9V4ghoTdeWXd6TMHlrfPgDrQdmkddK4/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHqVdMC3OKezq37iQn3WVeQ3OrFY-2DLnS9sgqywviNYcLioTWyyD-4OxKFZupRtLjM466Jx4WVn38x8OhRaiD58kuHOxSyuFeksb9ddEs0C-f9V4ghoTdeWXd6TMHlrfPgDrQdmkddK4/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.04.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
そこで「Museo Aero Solar」 (空気太陽光ミュージアム)と名付けました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's why we call it, "The Aero-Solar Museum." </span><br />
<br />
この単純なアイデアから いかなる燃料も使わずに 空中に浮遊する 画期的な方法を学びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And from this simple idea, we learned how to float in the air in a radically new way, without using any type of fuel. </span><br />
<br />
内部と外部の温度差により 上昇力が生まれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The difference in temperature between the interior and the exterior is what makes us rise up. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjq5-L-XzDcIFlkmRA6THcuGFlLJO1U8aBLcwjKzgvKCGciVTuZTGU3EHidNSAEtX-twL80wQ74t6pLBl0GkGlfN4ZnB_5r6rrznXss__h8QcGC0PPiagMtEuEaxhqB3FqO7Z4e8K_hGY/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjq5-L-XzDcIFlkmRA6THcuGFlLJO1U8aBLcwjKzgvKCGciVTuZTGU3EHidNSAEtX-twL80wQ74t6pLBl0GkGlfN4ZnB_5r6rrznXss__h8QcGC0PPiagMtEuEaxhqB3FqO7Z4e8K_hGY/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.13.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
このやり方では 化石燃料も ヘリウムや水素ガスも ソーラーパネルも バッテリーもモータも使いません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That way, we don't use fossil fuels or helium or hydrogen; we don't use solar panels or batteries or motors. </span><br />
<br />
我々を空へと浮遊させる クリーンで世界中どこでも利用可能な 簡単な方法を発見したのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We discovered a way that's simple, clean and accessible to the whole world to lift ourselves up.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0PKDbMrUc7nGwbs5fYqY6dp-trA2fkVmZwLnPiQHOr_1QtJD7hc9xYAJwxtkPYDhD0I3jRpR4xmQjvzazthMSZYR_BGmoYMU3b1I24YSBFSwCWxgA_yCxzcg2Bl1SfHRxY5NkaqyZ-w/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0PKDbMrUc7nGwbs5fYqY6dp-trA2fkVmZwLnPiQHOr_1QtJD7hc9xYAJwxtkPYDhD0I3jRpR4xmQjvzazthMSZYR_BGmoYMU3b1I24YSBFSwCWxgA_yCxzcg2Bl1SfHRxY5NkaqyZ-w/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.42.21.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>03:32</i></span><br />
<br />
2009年にNASAで120人の技術者と 一緒に研究していた時のことを思い出します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I remember when I was at NASA in 2009 with 120 engineers. </span><br />
<br />
ご存じのとおり スペースシャトルの打ち上げには 巨大な制御パネルが必要です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You guys know, too, when you go up in a plane, the control panels are gigantic. </span><br />
<br />
打ち上げ技術はとても複雑ですが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And what we're doing is really complex, </span><br />
<br />
そこにビニール袋を持った私が現れて 「別の方法もあるのでは」なんて 言い出すものだから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and when I started coming in with the plastic bags, saying, "But we have a different way ..." </span><br />
<br />
なかなかコンセプトを 理解してもらえませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">people had a hard time understanding the concept. </span><br />
<br />
このアイデアの威力が理解されると 我々は新たな時代の口火を切りました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Seeing the power of this idea, we started to initiate a new era; </span><br />
<br />
破滅的な人新世から抜け出て 新たな時代へと バトンを渡します<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">one that would leave behind the violence of the Anthropocene and give way to a new era, </span><br />
<br />
この時代を― 「Aerocene」(空新世)と 呼んでいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">which we call the "Aerocene" -- </span><br />
<br />
環境を意識した時代で 一緒に浮かんで 空に住めるようになり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">an era of ecological awareness, in which we learn to float together, live together in the air, </span><br />
<br />
大気や地球に対する 倫理的責任を果たす そんな時代です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and come to an ethical commitment with the atmosphere and with planet earth. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>04:26</i></span><br />
<br />
今日はこのリュックサックを 持参しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">That's why I've brought this backpack today. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrdn8tpZuhP56G9lym-OfoVrsBY_LYu7RKz_PpHOVIFrps7cboUd6c9kS5vCvQbxxYp4mcIeFkK7AC1py8vmrZ2hXjBaEomDQJx9O_FtfvH86YvguBhsFgA-ZrPiJxmA9fh8k-72_Xc94/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.28.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrdn8tpZuhP56G9lym-OfoVrsBY_LYu7RKz_PpHOVIFrps7cboUd6c9kS5vCvQbxxYp4mcIeFkK7AC1py8vmrZ2hXjBaEomDQJx9O_FtfvH86YvguBhsFgA-ZrPiJxmA9fh8k-72_Xc94/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.28.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
ええと...<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Let's see ...</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
これは気球ですが 私たちは 「スカルプチャー」(彫刻)とも呼んでいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">OK. This is a balloon that we also refer to as a sculpture. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFds6N9SLr899v2QK5tFmrQhzUNMFWZPYqce2b4nHzZ5AoKhQPT6J4Q4-ya1eU2rHIOpkE6s3varY_oAL2-a1cEdxOH9u6N0d0qv0bxQfCBvkZolVYaIdGezbYwqtVUzCw3iv0ZpSRnDE/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.35.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFds6N9SLr899v2QK5tFmrQhzUNMFWZPYqce2b4nHzZ5AoKhQPT6J4Q4-ya1eU2rHIOpkE6s3varY_oAL2-a1cEdxOH9u6N0d0qv0bxQfCBvkZolVYaIdGezbYwqtVUzCw3iv0ZpSRnDE/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.35.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
明日 晴れれば すぐにでも外に出て飛ばせますが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And if it's sunny out tomorrow, we can go out and fly -- </span><br />
<br />
バンクーバーの天気は 良くないですね…<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">though, no, the weather in Vancouver isn't --</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(笑)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Laughter)</span><br />
<br />
あまり… 良い状況ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's not very ... very favorable.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ffd966; font-size: x-small;"><i>04:41</i></span><br />
<br />
これには 他にどんな特徴が あると思いますか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So, what other features does it have? </span><br />
<br />
センサーが取り付けられており その気球が動くと まるで空に絵を描くかのようになります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It has sensors that, when it moves, make sort of drawings in the air. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsNCBv_fPWzhMdYVLGzsZoJztnNU7vsOD1C5uVIeaNIN3vBzAYfIJwCciPeHF8VB5y8PMcFt_zF5ZJx5OeDFkc1YvNWdSoFh1dvRTR1BETGJzKtfKzGqt8oM-nYKrsuKG4NJFRMm4Qq8/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsNCBv_fPWzhMdYVLGzsZoJztnNU7vsOD1C5uVIeaNIN3vBzAYfIJwCciPeHF8VB5y8PMcFt_zF5ZJx5OeDFkc1YvNWdSoFh1dvRTR1BETGJzKtfKzGqt8oM-nYKrsuKG4NJFRMm4Qq8/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.56.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
他のセンサーもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It also has other sensors. </span><br />
<br />
私はいつでも まずは空気を体で感じてから 観測を始めるべきだと思っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">I always think that first you have to feel it, and then you can measure it; </span><br />
<br />
大気と気候、熱い空気の声を聞き 大気と気候、熱い空気の声を聞き<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">you need to hear the sounds of the atmosphere, of the climate, of the hot air, </span><br />
<br />
それから オゾンや二酸化炭素を 測定すべきなのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in order to then measure the ozone, the carbon dioxide. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFONgFgFgddFtAgwpZhMpoQ7X2HwYVeWBjFg75n5PeD80Cmr9dhwBF-gM5MMEeelkO0OYOvIxGZ2jvGNDMoIp1JRnrybc56UAYUdhacmaRzMHIL_rz4jXyTsi8LbpsFsrDz28vxY3psXU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.59.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFONgFgFgddFtAgwpZhMpoQ7X2HwYVeWBjFg75n5PeD80Cmr9dhwBF-gM5MMEeelkO0OYOvIxGZ2jvGNDMoIp1JRnrybc56UAYUdhacmaRzMHIL_rz4jXyTsi8LbpsFsrDz28vxY3psXU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+7.59.59.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
世界中の様々なチームと一緒に これらのセンサーを開発中です 世界中の様々なチームと一緒に これらのセンサーを開発中です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We're developing these sensors together with different communities all over the world </span><br />
<br />
気候、気温、環境とのつながりを 取り戻すためです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">in order to reconnect with the climate, the temperature and the environment, </span><br />
<br />
空に上がっていくと分かりますが 大気中には他の生物がいるのですから 人間だけではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">because there are other species in the air; in these excursions towards the atmosphere, we're not alone. </span><br />
<br />
大気は生物で賑わっています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The air is full of clouds of life. </span><br />
<br />
人間は大気の底に 住んでいるにすぎません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We live at the bottom of an ocean of air.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIQp-gfp2xDzn-6pw1xCNrMq0NSjd8qgdkJM1QLrQSa4kLsCUTHWVg1tMF8PoldkjVupA3_edjVqc8GHHysWhd61P_VNtRui2H4grUOu_oyuXBDEtXux-gmhMJWYuWC2eN4Y7XDIauIg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.00.21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIQp-gfp2xDzn-6pw1xCNrMq0NSjd8qgdkJM1QLrQSa4kLsCUTHWVg1tMF8PoldkjVupA3_edjVqc8GHHysWhd61P_VNtRui2H4grUOu_oyuXBDEtXux-gmhMJWYuWC2eN4Y7XDIauIg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.00.21.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>05:20</i></span><br />
<br />
私がここに手にしているものと 全く同じスカルプチャーが<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And this same sculpture, this exact one in my hands, </span><br />
<br />
ドイツからポーランドまで 600キロを12時間かけて 燃料なしで飛行しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">flew 375 miles -- 12 hours -- from Germany to Poland, on a fuel-free trip. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJtkKSobSw0VHRYaXYeRzraUaBjwDcgEJwPWGxz0dQufKJUywKTuJgHHDMAVPF7yepgwcZ1sQQ5Rvf2CYZMG7fZe9F-z5___kIk4CLMGecErYee9TBR3lSF_o5qi04CTr87MB726rvnQ/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.30.54.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJtkKSobSw0VHRYaXYeRzraUaBjwDcgEJwPWGxz0dQufKJUywKTuJgHHDMAVPF7yepgwcZ1sQQ5Rvf2CYZMG7fZe9F-z5___kIk4CLMGecErYee9TBR3lSF_o5qi04CTr87MB726rvnQ/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.30.54.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
しかし国境越えは 自由にはできませんでした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But it wasn't free from crossing borders. </span><br />
<br />
この旅の実現は思っていたより はるかに複雑でした<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The trip was much more complicated than what we imagined; </span><br />
<br />
上空には地上と同様の 規制が敷かれており 軍の統制もありました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">air space is as regulated and militarized as land space. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_f72YZ7B0NUMkC5IlBV_4ezx9BvEZTg22utiZfMl69Ul8WQ4LlMpakyezUBWIclhw4HLGESmt3veqBdK8YDFilWhX5kgt9JNWcYfnLjTbv5TtQucaqq1dFn52cqIQ8kKHsR7gEVwTDfU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_f72YZ7B0NUMkC5IlBV_4ezx9BvEZTg22utiZfMl69Ul8WQ4LlMpakyezUBWIclhw4HLGESmt3veqBdK8YDFilWhX5kgt9JNWcYfnLjTbv5TtQucaqq1dFn52cqIQ8kKHsR7gEVwTDfU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.08.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
風と太陽の熱と 地球の放射熱を利用した飛行は 複雑で かつ素晴らしいものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">To fly using the winds, the heat of the sun and the radiant energy of the earth is complex and beautiful. </span><br />
<br />
でも もっと複雑なのは 飛行許可を得ること― 風の力で飛行し 国々の国境を 越えていくための許可です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But even more complex will be getting the permits to cross the air space of each of the different countries that we fly over using wind.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>05:53</i></span><br />
<br />
パリで開催された COP21 第21回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議では この球形のスカルプチャーを紹介し これで世界中を飛びまわれるかも しれないと伝えました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At COP21, the Paris Climate Conference, we presented these spherical sculptures that could transport us all over the world. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhup7OMysKGTAcBcoYnAQnHUyYqTHxf_KZPkFAD7E4nuX_WNcaZLuTNgL8wunRAXyuRQgFAn4HhfB_f0ZVEWXNeyYb7gCqITD3BV3GrqABd39w_IrkJa9GCLW6H-byAhGkLVknKX3fUtNs/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.27.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhup7OMysKGTAcBcoYnAQnHUyYqTHxf_KZPkFAD7E4nuX_WNcaZLuTNgL8wunRAXyuRQgFAn4HhfB_f0ZVEWXNeyYb7gCqITD3BV3GrqABd39w_IrkJa9GCLW6H-byAhGkLVknKX3fUtNs/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.27.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
でもどうやったら風力による飛行で 目的地に到達できるのでしょう?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But how can we fly using the wind to arrive at our destination? </span><br />
<br />
MITと共同で 風のハイウェイでの 航行予測を行う プログラムを開発しました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Together with MIT, we developed a program that predicts how we can navigate the wind highways. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8yRJgGN7XxlRU_2TCOrbID8NM5vUlis-8UpFAlMw3hz02w-l7KAZtPiPE47OorUe5kw8lmI46cPSSctWhvoDS0gmEMdYyJlk5vSBZpUvV2IcEjyvjNHT7CykSufblPgeaYRAJUn0F5UU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.33.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8yRJgGN7XxlRU_2TCOrbID8NM5vUlis-8UpFAlMw3hz02w-l7KAZtPiPE47OorUe5kw8lmI46cPSSctWhvoDS0gmEMdYyJlk5vSBZpUvV2IcEjyvjNHT7CykSufblPgeaYRAJUn0F5UU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.31.33.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
たとえば バンクーバーから ベルリンに戻るには まずは 高度を決める必要があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">For example, if I had to return to Berlin from Vancouver, the first thing I would need to do is choose an altitude. </span><br />
<br />
高度によって気流の方向も 速度も異なります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">At different altitudes, there are different directions and different speeds. </span><br />
<br />
赤い線は明日飛行したときの航路<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The red line is tomorrow </span><br />
<br />
オレンジはその翌日の航路です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">and the orange, the day after tomorrow. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEuFg-bAQyQvg3uhC9HVg0I-vx-JM_0hWLXEhl_Mm1Dl105NoPkEc-BWHPpMFH1uFSK3rS9RhOqWHKvAhp-7I9rNnWD1R1DDILPC7VlZmH1cGOYMx4An_Nco73d2ui3tA8r-n1dbL4gaM/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEuFg-bAQyQvg3uhC9HVg0I-vx-JM_0hWLXEhl_Mm1Dl105NoPkEc-BWHPpMFH1uFSK3rS9RhOqWHKvAhp-7I9rNnWD1R1DDILPC7VlZmH1cGOYMx4An_Nco73d2ui3tA8r-n1dbL4gaM/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.05.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
このように調べていくと ベルリンに戻る最適の日は<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And there it goes. You can see, the best day to fly back to Berlin -- </span><br />
<br />
風だけを頼りにした飛行では 6日後だと分かります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so now, traveling using only wind -- is in six days. </span><br />
<br />
ベルリン中心部から 169キロのところまで 燃料を1滴も燃焼させることなく 気流に乗っただけで航行できます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And we can get to 105 miles from the center of Berlin without burning a single drop of fuel, being transported only by wind currents.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpUQBB854AHk63eAThvXdaKkW0QWR93nJUrE3Gn21GZddnGEsKptbLxyTXKFpw6v64uhFptsTQ0GHxFBd1aRSGbL6cLCuOVYLt7PuVEFZs7mfgf3s04mVZydphKpuyYs9O2MEWU0wB6E/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpUQBB854AHk63eAThvXdaKkW0QWR93nJUrE3Gn21GZddnGEsKptbLxyTXKFpw6v64uhFptsTQ0GHxFBd1aRSGbL6cLCuOVYLt7PuVEFZs7mfgf3s04mVZydphKpuyYs9O2MEWU0wB6E/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.22.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>06:45</i></span><br />
<br />
風に乗って描くこの軌跡が 「化石燃料と決別する日」を 宣言する印になり得ると思いました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">So we thought that these trajectories that we drew with the wind could become signatures, declaring "Independence from Fossil Fuels Day." </span><br />
<br />
もっと多くの人たちが ある別の方法で 大気を体験しています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">More and more of us are experiencing the air in a different way. </span><br />
<br />
みなさんは 「アースデー」をご存知ですね<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">You're all familiar with Earth Day. </span><br />
<br />
我々は「エアデー」も 祝うべきだと思うのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We think we should also celebrate Air Day: </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIkWO3IkfozmSWmZ9qtxqH9Swv06bhLv1ny_bDw8pF7KYGIxZoa5ybHjzrAFGvia9p5oUtpMqVLbMOroNpv5EOr28A2UzWPeSONlIEaxxwhK0r7Doe18aIP6XQ4TLIGA9oM9WE6DUO2Q/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.30.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIkWO3IkfozmSWmZ9qtxqH9Swv06bhLv1ny_bDw8pF7KYGIxZoa5ybHjzrAFGvia9p5oUtpMqVLbMOroNpv5EOr28A2UzWPeSONlIEaxxwhK0r7Doe18aIP6XQ4TLIGA9oM9WE6DUO2Q/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.30.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
それは大気に対する 倫理的な義務を果たすという 地球と結ぶ条約を記念するものです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's a pact that we make with the earth, an ethical commitment to the atmosphere. </span><br />
<br />
でも 考え続け 夢を見続けましょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">But let's keep thinking and dreaming.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>07:11</i></span><br />
<br />
スカルプチャーが 大きければ大きいほど より重いものを持ち上げることが できることを学びました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We've learned that the bigger the sculptures are, the more weight they can lift. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0YxB8GvUc1ZFIwNsuvAaSm_AXX9UGUiKrSzfvKlvT64XAWkM7ogvuD6bZzO1RovJgvL2qMWwQVAEQTNnNudaDNyN8k_9X5FMkMfidBGtRECSHdgQNq0k6fStq77wjHriolT3ktgbP3U/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.45.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0YxB8GvUc1ZFIwNsuvAaSm_AXX9UGUiKrSzfvKlvT64XAWkM7ogvuD6bZzO1RovJgvL2qMWwQVAEQTNnNudaDNyN8k_9X5FMkMfidBGtRECSHdgQNq0k6fStq77wjHriolT3ktgbP3U/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.45.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
いいですか 太陽の熱で温められた空気だけで 上昇するのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Remember, they rise up only with hot air that's been heated by the sun. </span><br />
<br />
この方法なら 空中に庭園さえ築くこともできます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Using this approach, we can learn to build gardens in the air. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir6OeueG8jrLmUXVy2FfIRnLDCh-u4DZfbsOUgxPr5RCktQFKD8GeufzIyn2JW4NERdvLzEFkqc0-mE9ULGjreSm88Rhz6DHn-VnfRqlK5IbTVHqvn52D-gUSD0_yBzVsY2qquhfzeNGI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir6OeueG8jrLmUXVy2FfIRnLDCh-u4DZfbsOUgxPr5RCktQFKD8GeufzIyn2JW4NERdvLzEFkqc0-mE9ULGjreSm88Rhz6DHn-VnfRqlK5IbTVHqvn52D-gUSD0_yBzVsY2qquhfzeNGI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.32.56.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
いつの日か 地球サイズの庭園に 住むことができるのでしょうか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Could we one day live in a garden the size of the earth? </span><br />
<br />
雲間に漂う生態系の中で 生活できるでしょうか?<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Could we live in an ecosystem floating among the clouds? </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oc4OEx6XwqQc-fvz6Jgs6GEu4fXtOFNcG8Qe7zdAN5ad3_2I7s_RW5hKJBaEmK9gu2sMQtVSF3ZjJzTW-6LInsAvdRJiCIrLDygRZMqdc0ma1whBmIuh4jzSjut3ZBauZ5iyq93eMNI/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oc4OEx6XwqQc-fvz6Jgs6GEu4fXtOFNcG8Qe7zdAN5ad3_2I7s_RW5hKJBaEmK9gu2sMQtVSF3ZjJzTW-6LInsAvdRJiCIrLDygRZMqdc0ma1whBmIuh4jzSjut3ZBauZ5iyq93eMNI/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.03.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
こうした問いかけは 単なる技術的な挑戦ではありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Answering these questions isn't just a technological challenge; </span><br />
<br />
それに答えることで 国境を越えた移動の自由を考え直し 現代社会における政治、社会、文化的制約や 国防上の制約を 乗り越えることにもなります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it's a way to reexamine the freedom of movement between countries, and of overcoming the political, social, cultural and military restrictions of contemporary societies. </span><br />
<br />
結局のところ 空気は皆のもので どの政府に呼応するものでも ないのですから<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Because in the end, the air belongs to everybody and doesn't answer to any government.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPUGAxCa5qq48eMVdNHDIAJILrRfoq-wdbkSe51a3jdiZHcOlvhVO3c93awFn8IOltUdTx6VNGoLmdLwyev_OgI9wcyFiTDiXmb4IRXemISOeb_n0r-MS8WcK6NVMqPP5i0kWd2i8ZcU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioPUGAxCa5qq48eMVdNHDIAJILrRfoq-wdbkSe51a3jdiZHcOlvhVO3c93awFn8IOltUdTx6VNGoLmdLwyev_OgI9wcyFiTDiXmb4IRXemISOeb_n0r-MS8WcK6NVMqPP5i0kWd2i8ZcU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.08.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>08:05</i></span><br />
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先に申しあげたとおり このような場所が作り出せるのは 我々の想像力があってこそです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And like we said earlier, our imagination is the force that allows us to create these places.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49ggsMgb2VWR8IGvfojFatL5VIvYw85_kVbYgAxzB5Vu72w9RavdwHAAfQqYgD2AFuGVXxOmGKTsnn97DCIeUazLwiV_Df3FK_jlO8wMK57Ci5MBY-eEO0LfFEbK96Mq_W5VYwsh5kzU/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.39.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49ggsMgb2VWR8IGvfojFatL5VIvYw85_kVbYgAxzB5Vu72w9RavdwHAAfQqYgD2AFuGVXxOmGKTsnn97DCIeUazLwiV_Df3FK_jlO8wMK57Ci5MBY-eEO0LfFEbK96Mq_W5VYwsh5kzU/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.39.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
これは私が制作した インスタレーションで ニューヨークの メトロポリタン美術館にあり<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is an installation I did at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. </span><br />
<br />
こう問いかけています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">It asks the question: </span><br />
<br />
「国家を越えた空間とは どのようなものだろうか?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What might these transnational spaces be like? </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvm1I89CKR24ezfkjdrZl-gZNM-7YPGfmB1Kuvr3xC-tgJGCilhSDPVCXESX4tTKueD8QB6wbKCRnC-pK4Imjo-heOgAO1CF_Sx3JAucuZKiDJQJsFrN5Z73Z-Cdpn8RbWXcfp_aUSkk/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.47.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvm1I89CKR24ezfkjdrZl-gZNM-7YPGfmB1Kuvr3xC-tgJGCilhSDPVCXESX4tTKueD8QB6wbKCRnC-pK4Imjo-heOgAO1CF_Sx3JAucuZKiDJQJsFrN5Z73Z-Cdpn8RbWXcfp_aUSkk/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.47.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
このような空間に住むことになれば その中を移動する方法を学ぶ必要があります 雲の間を歩き回る方法を学ぶのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And once we inhabit those spaces, we need to learn how to move within them, to walk among the clouds, </span><br />
<br />
ここでは一挙手一投足が 他人の動きに影響を及ぼします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">where every movement affects everyone else's movements; </span><br />
<br />
体重やお互いの距離に応じて 空間が広がったり 縮んだりします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">the body weight and proximity between people will cause the space to expand ... or contract. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7WGZJNDzQDLRxryFiNlPLe4b4VvnloJW7fXDI1UttEnNr8iOZyCZZf7xgwoz-pNwSvoHfgcBD9yN7ldDQZZyCQYNM5HJU_rfm57Dpg4ksnJtXFAclD8Ff3k4rjUPeyQ4HjtanRbrC_Y/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.51.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7WGZJNDzQDLRxryFiNlPLe4b4VvnloJW7fXDI1UttEnNr8iOZyCZZf7xgwoz-pNwSvoHfgcBD9yN7ldDQZZyCQYNM5HJU_rfm57Dpg4ksnJtXFAclD8Ff3k4rjUPeyQ4HjtanRbrC_Y/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.33.51.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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私たちは22メートルの高さのところに 浮かんでいます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There we are, suspended 72 feet in the air. </span><br />
<br />
2人以上の人が近づきすぎると ずっと遠くにいる人にさえ影響が及び<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">When two or more people get too close together, even those farthest away are affected -- </span><br />
<br />
皆が一点に集まってきます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">everyone falls to the same spot.</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> </span><br />
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これは脆弱な生態系なのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">These are fragile ecosystems. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZRbAhvxAwRhih8V-jYPMjx2MyvpZ7ROQ0QNR8mwsO9lJd9J6GHOw1ZBJ1HTGrcf2sqY4zt4_q_dn5dtsCkV6isjMN-O-jjDobYlXm-remQf_79ECvoSnNGVkVQIKSiWR1WC-aSyYobg/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ZRbAhvxAwRhih8V-jYPMjx2MyvpZ7ROQ0QNR8mwsO9lJd9J6GHOw1ZBJ1HTGrcf2sqY4zt4_q_dn5dtsCkV6isjMN-O-jjDobYlXm-remQf_79ECvoSnNGVkVQIKSiWR1WC-aSyYobg/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.14.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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球体同士の間には 行き来のできるネットを設けました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And it's between these spheres that we build nets that connect us. </span><br />
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下に何もないのを見て 恐怖で体がすくんでしまう 瞬間があります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">There are moments when we have to face the void, and fear can paralyze us. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3vv3KmjFmzJTreOxx7JodX0juS_Dn8Jpvhkvn9y8zK0KZBvi5kk3cztoAvI-nR_p7df6Ba2uku6btb6Kb8eTeGCa95xC7xK9Opm8Q93Xaf1NDr-5XqLTGcczjgwqLGqUZK74UV6WPi8/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3vv3KmjFmzJTreOxx7JodX0juS_Dn8Jpvhkvn9y8zK0KZBvi5kk3cztoAvI-nR_p7df6Ba2uku6btb6Kb8eTeGCa95xC7xK9Opm8Q93Xaf1NDr-5XqLTGcczjgwqLGqUZK74UV6WPi8/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.31.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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この展示物の もっとも素晴らしいことの1つは 一体感のようなものが この新しい「エアロ・グラフ」と 向き合った時に生まれることです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">One of the most beautiful things about this exhibit is the sense of solidarity generated when we face these new "aero-graphs."</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhojlAInzNLSXh3gyF5oooRLPZs4JBGFTCnkEmSqjPMGZzLGeOLvaYwInM_zjfNV_4Gk15IRtzsO4J2ZWwzbaajrj_2G2hGOIVVz4ScLBCatCyFqr01dkwMg-x_EcpIa81dmDVy3r-jm94/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.26.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhojlAInzNLSXh3gyF5oooRLPZs4JBGFTCnkEmSqjPMGZzLGeOLvaYwInM_zjfNV_4Gk15IRtzsO4J2ZWwzbaajrj_2G2hGOIVVz4ScLBCatCyFqr01dkwMg-x_EcpIa81dmDVy3r-jm94/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.26.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>09:11</i></span><br />
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最後に もう1つお話をします<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Finally, let me tell you one last story. </span><br />
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1945年7月16日に ニューメキシコ州の ホワイト・サンズで<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">On July 16, 1945, on the White Sands of New Mexico, </span><br />
<br />
初めて原子爆弾が起爆されました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">an atomic bomb was detonated for the first time. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwV35ddsVwPkBj6PwGAepP0Ipz49SFmxvuKprN12kqh4bq15gv8YrMgbz-FBubZ2FkumTCtGou8pEg3i9TF1OgVzPeCrtXlT7DnNTtvawlyzpK8wz4B-p9a6csgnd_VQ2g5ohN8Os65g/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.47.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwV35ddsVwPkBj6PwGAepP0Ipz49SFmxvuKprN12kqh4bq15gv8YrMgbz-FBubZ2FkumTCtGou8pEg3i9TF1OgVzPeCrtXlT7DnNTtvawlyzpK8wz4B-p9a6csgnd_VQ2g5ohN8Os65g/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+8.34.47.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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この爆発により 放射性を帯びた粒子が雲となって 世界中に拡散し<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">As a result of this explosion, a cloud of radioactive particles disseminated all over the earth, </span><br />
<br />
人新世の始まりを告げました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">marking the beginning of the Anthropocene era. </span><br />
<br />
70年後の2015年11月8日 まさに同じこの場所で 新たな出来事が起こります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Seventy years later, on November 8, 2015, in the same place, another event occurred. </span><br />
<br />
史上初めて 化石燃料を燃やさずに 太陽の力のみで 1人の人間を空に浮遊させたのです<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">For the first time in history, we lifted a person into the air using only the sun, without burning any fossil fuels. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLw45176mzJDpafizC0nJ4sBcooEJaySLNY8KvYPWA0RsT7EXNl9JUrrs0Q12Y6zKclg_83oEaEofY42xlSfrj_XqRLBHPchNDCd2AoaLOZA-dtOCdofGXF6EKcvUhmfGsLrpyAlXes7Q/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+9.07.49.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLw45176mzJDpafizC0nJ4sBcooEJaySLNY8KvYPWA0RsT7EXNl9JUrrs0Q12Y6zKclg_83oEaEofY42xlSfrj_XqRLBHPchNDCd2AoaLOZA-dtOCdofGXF6EKcvUhmfGsLrpyAlXes7Q/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+9.07.49.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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太陽が水平線から昇ると 我々も 静かに ゆっくりと 上昇していきました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">As the sun rose up above the horizon, we rose up, too, silently, slowly, </span><br />
<br />
何も爆発させていません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">with no explosions. </span><br />
<br />
まるで重力が逆向きに 作用したように感じました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">We felt as if gravity had been inverted; </span><br />
<br />
地球の中心部へと引き込む力ではなく 宇宙へと引き寄せる力です<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">it wasn't pulling us toward the center of the earth, but toward the universe. </span><br />
<br />
ニール・アームストロングが 月面を歩いたときの言葉<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">If Neil Armstrong said, when he walked on the moon, </span><br />
<br />
「これは私にとって小さな一歩だが 人類にとっては偉大なる一歩だ」に習い<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," </span><br />
<br />
我々も自ら問いかけるべきでしょう<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">perhaps what we ought to ask ourselves is: </span><br />
<br />
「今 我々が踏み出すべき一歩とは?」<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">What steps do we need to take today?</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHHIOYoZX6kf8drzUl2FqFUIlR-LuLY8YqfGyypxW6ZdrKbd0zUWqx1NugMFZ7jFtnTozQdbMfe0LFKA_hyq0G7TeoaROLeBx1Bhy8Y0CJpfX0s4T1oCpECs3gPVWht81CY0yqHWrm8M/s1600/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+9.08.20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1440" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHHIOYoZX6kf8drzUl2FqFUIlR-LuLY8YqfGyypxW6ZdrKbd0zUWqx1NugMFZ7jFtnTozQdbMfe0LFKA_hyq0G7TeoaROLeBx1Bhy8Y0CJpfX0s4T1oCpECs3gPVWht81CY0yqHWrm8M/s400/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588+2017-12-08+9.08.20.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;"><i>10:17</i></span><br />
<br />
空新世においては 我々の歩みは とても小さなものであっても 根本的な違いがあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">In the Aerocene era, our steps are much smaller, but radically different; </span><br />
<br />
この歩みは 空気と願いが詰まった ビニール袋から始まりました<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">they're steps that began with a bag full of air and wishes, </span><br />
<br />
しかしそれは我々を 化石燃料からの独立へといざない 「エアデー」を祝う機会を もたらしてくれます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">but that can carry us to independence from fossil fuels and the opportunity to celebrate Air Day; </span><br />
<br />
この地球の大気の中で 歩けるようになるまで 他の惑星に足跡を 残すことのない歩みでもあります<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">steps that won't leave footprints on other planets until we've learned to walk in the atmosphere of this one. </span><br />
<br />
小さな場所での 小さな歩みですが 皆が一緒になって歩めることを 願っています<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The landscapes are tiny and the steps are tiny, but I hope we can take them together. </span><br />
<br />
このような歩みは きっと我々を 月よりも遥かに遠いところへと導き<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">And I'm sure that these steps will lead us much further than the moon, </span><br />
<br />
地に足をつけて 浮かべるようになるに違いありません<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">so we can learn to float with our feet on the ground.</span><br />
<br />
ありがとうございます<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Thank you.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #ea9999;">(拍手)</span><br />
<span style="color: #ea9999;">(Applause)</span><br />
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